Camponotus

Palaeosminthurus

Camponotus

Camponotus fellah - Muséum de Toulouse.

47.8–0 Ma

Lutétien de l'Éocène moyen à aujourd'hui.

66 collections

Classification Paleobiology Database
Règne	Animalia
Sous-règne	Bilateria
Infra-règne	Protostomia
Super-embr.	Ecdysozoa
Embranchement	Arthropoda
Sous-embr.	Hexapoda
Classe	Insecta
Sous-classe	Pterygota
Infra-classe	Neoptera
Super-ordre	Holometabola
Ordre	Hymenoptera
Sous-ordre	Apocrita
Infra-ordre	Aculeata
Super-famille	Vespoidea
Famille	Formicidae
Sous-famille	Formicinae
Tribu	Camponotini

Genre

Camponotus
Mayr, 1861

Synonymes

Palaeosminthurus Pierce and Gibron, 1962

Camponotus est un genre de fourmis de la famille des formicidés comprenant notamment la fourmi grand galop (Camponotus maculatus). Il compte au moins 965 espèces.

Classification modifier

Le genre Camponotus est décrit en 1861 par l'entomologiste autrichien Gustav Mayr (1830-1908)^[1]^,^[2].

Description modifier

Le genre Camponotus a des relations de commensalisme et de mutualisme avec le fenouil commun et des pucerons. Le fenouil sauvage sert de plante hôte aux fourmis Camponotus et aux pucerons. Les fourmis se nourrissent du miellat produit par les pucerons à partir de la sève de cette plante, mais elles gèrent aussi la population de pucerons, en retirant les individus morts et en réduisant les populations de pucerons quand leur nombre met en danger la plante-hôte^[3].

Liste des espèces modifier

Camponotus abditus Forel, 1899
Camponotus abjectus Santschi, 1937
Camponotus abrahami Forel, 1913
Camponotus abscisus Roger, 1863
Camponotus abunanus Mann, 1916
Camponotus acutirostris Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr, 1862
Camponotus adami Forel, 1910
Camponotus adenensis Emery, 1893
Camponotus aegyptiacus Emery, 1915
Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus aequatorialis Roger, 1863
Camponotus aequitas Santschi, 1920
Camponotus aethiops (Latreille, 1798)
Camponotus afflatus Viehmeyer, 1925
Camponotus ager (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus agonius Santschi, 1915
Camponotus aguilerai Kusnezov, 1952
Camponotus alacer Forel, 1912
Camponotus albicoxis Forel, 1899
Camponotus albipes Emery, 1893
Camponotus albistramineus Wheeler, 1936
Camponotus alboannulatus Mayr, 1887
Camponotus albocinctus (Ashmead, 1905)
Camponotus albosparsus Bingham, 1903
Camponotus alii Forel, 1890
Camponotus altivagans Wheeler, 1936
Camponotus amamianus Terayama, 1991
Camponotus americanus (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus americanus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus amoris Forel, 1904
Camponotus amphidus Santschi, 1926
Camponotus andrei Forel, 1885
Camponotus andrewsi Donisthorpe, 1936
Camponotus anguliceps Stitz, 1938
Camponotus angusticeps Emery, 1886
Camponotus angusticollis (Jerdon, 1851)
Camponotus anningensis Wu et Wang, 1989
Camponotus annulatus Karavaiev, 1929
Camponotus anthrax Wheeler, 1911
Camponotus apostolus Forel, 1901
Camponotus arabicus Collingwood, 1985
Camponotus arboreus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus arcuatus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus argus Santschi, 1935
Camponotus arminius Forel, 1910
Camponotus armstrongi McAreavey, 1949
Camponotus arnoldinus Forel, 1914
Camponotus arrogans (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus aruensis Karavaiev, 1933
Camponotus asli Dumpert, 1989
Camponotus ater (Buckley, 1839)
Camponotus atlantis Forel, 1890
Camponotus atriceps (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus atriscapus Santschi, 1926
Camponotus atrox Emery, 1925
Camponotus attila Staercke, 1935
Camponotus augustei Wheeler et Mann, 1914
Camponotus auratus Karavaiev, 1935
Camponotus aurelianus Forel, 1912
Camponotus aureopilus Viehmeyer, 1914
Camponotus auricomus Roger, 1862
Camponotus auriculatus Mayr, 1897
Camponotus auriventris Emery, 1889
Camponotus aurocinctus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus aurofasciatus Santschi, 1915
Camponotus auropubens Forel, 1894
Camponotus aurosus Roger, 1863
Camponotus autrani Forel, 1886
Camponotus avius Santschi, 1926
Camponotus babau Bolton, 1995
Camponotus bactrianus Pisarski, 1967
Camponotus badius (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus bakeri Wheeler, 1904
Camponotus baldaccii Emery, 1908
Camponotus balzani Emery, 1894
Camponotus banghaasi Emery, 1903
Camponotus barbaricus Emery, 1905
Camponotus barbarossa Emery, 1920
Camponotus barbatus Roger, 1863
Camponotus barbiger Donisthorpe, 1941
Camponotus barbosus Baroni Urbani, 1972
Camponotus baronii Alayo et Zayas Montero, 1977
Camponotus basuto Arnold, 1958
Camponotus batesii Forel, 1895
Camponotus bayeri Forel, 1913
Camponotus baynei Arnold, 1922
Camponotus beccarii Emery, 1887
Camponotus bedoti Emery, 1893
Camponotus beebei Wheeler, 1918
Camponotus belligerus Santschi, 1920
Camponotus bellus Forel, 1908
Camponotus benguelensis Santschi, 1911
Camponotus bermudezi Aguayo, 1932
Camponotus berthoudi Forel, 1879
Camponotus bertolonii Emery, 1895
Camponotus bianconii Emery, 1895
Camponotus bidens Mayr, 1870
Camponotus bifossus Santschi, 1917
Camponotus bigenus Santschi, 1919
Camponotus binghamii Forel, 1894
Camponotus biolleyi Forel, 1902
Camponotus bispinosus Mayr, 1870
Camponotus bituberculatus Andre, 1889
Camponotus blandus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus bocki Forel, 1907
Camponotus boghossiani Forel, 1911
Camponotus bonariensis Mayr, 1868
Camponotus borellii Emery, 1894
Camponotus bottegoi Emery, 1895
Camponotus brachycephalus Santschi, 1920
Camponotus branneri (Mann, 1916)
Camponotus brasiliensis Mayr, 1862
Camponotus braunsi Mayr, 1895
Camponotus brettesi Forel, 1899
Camponotus brevicollis Stitz, 1916
Camponotus brevis Forel, 1899
Camponotus brevisetosus Forel, 1910
Camponotus britteni Donisthorpe, 1931
Camponotus brodiei Donisthorpe, 1920
Camponotus brookei Forel, 1914
Camponotus bruchi Forel, 1912
Camponotus bruneiensis Viehmeyer, 1922
Camponotus brunni Forel, 1901
Camponotus brutus Forel, 1886
Camponotus bryani Santschi, 1928
Camponotus buchholzi Mayr, 1902
Camponotus buddhae Forel, 1892
Camponotus bugnioni Forel, 1899
Camponotus burgeoni Santschi, 1926
Camponotus burtoni Mann, 1916
Camponotus butteli Forel, 1905
Camponotus buttikeri Arnold, 1958
Camponotus cacicus Emery, 1903
Camponotus caesar Forel, 1886
Camponotus caffer Emery, 1895
Camponotus callistus Emery, 1911
Camponotus callmorphus Stitz, 1923
Camponotus calvus Emery, 1920
Camponotus cambouei Forel, 1891
Camponotus camelinus (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus camelus Emery, 1883
Camponotus cameranoi Emery, 1894
Camponotus cameratus Viehmeyer, 1925
Camponotus cameroni Forel, 1892
Camponotus candiotes Emery, 1894
Camponotus canescens Mayr, 1870
Camponotus capito Mayr, 1876
Camponotus capperi Forel, 1899
Camponotus caracalla Forel, 1912
Camponotus carbo Emery, 1877
Camponotus carbonarius (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus carin Emery, 1889
Camponotus caryae (Fitch, 1855)
Camponotus casicus Santschi, 1920
Camponotus castaneus (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus castanicola Donisthorpe, 1943
Camponotus catalanus Emery, 1924
Camponotus cecconii Emery, 1908
Camponotus cerberulus Emery, 1920
Camponotus ceriseipes Clark, 1938
Camponotus cervicalis Roger, 1863
Camponotus ceylonicus Emery, 1925
Camponotus chalceoides Clark, 1938
Camponotus chalceus Crawley, 1915
Camponotus championi Forel, 1899
Camponotus chapini Wheeler, 1922
Camponotus chazaliei Forel, 1899
Camponotus cheesmanae Donisthorpe, 1932
Camponotus chilensis (Spinola, 1851)
Camponotus chloroticus Emery, 1897
Camponotus chongqingensis Wu et Wang, 1989
Camponotus christi Forel, 1886
Camponotus christophei Wheeler et Mann, 1914
Camponotus christopherseni Forel, 1912
Camponotus chromaiodes Bolton, 1995
Camponotus chrysurus Gerstaecker, 1871
Camponotus cilicicus Emery, 1908
Camponotus cillae Forel, 1912
Camponotus cinctellus (Gerstaecker, 1859)
Camponotus cinerascens (Fabricius, 1787)
Camponotus cinereus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus cingulatus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus circularis Mayr, 1870
Camponotus circumspectus (Smith, 1861)
Camponotus claripes Mayr, 1876
Camponotus clarithorax Creighton, 1950
Camponotus claviscapus Forel, 1899
Camponotus cleobulus Santschi, 1919
Camponotus clerodendri Emery, 1887
Camponotus clypeatus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus cocosensis Wheeler, 1919
Camponotus cognatocompressus Forel, 1904
Camponotus compactus Foerster, 1891
Camponotus compositor Santschi, 1922
Camponotus compressiscapus Andre, 1889
Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787)
Camponotus concolor Forel, 1891
Camponotus confluens Forel, 1913
Camponotus confucii Forel, 1894
Camponotus congolensis Emery, 1899
Camponotus coniceps Santschi, 1926
Camponotus conicus (Mayr, 1876)
Camponotus conithorax Emery, 1914
Camponotus conradti Forel, 1914
Camponotus consanguineus (Smith, 1861)
Camponotus consectator (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus consobrinus (Erichson, 1842)
Camponotus conspicuus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus constructor Forel, 1899
Camponotus contractus Mayr, 1872
Camponotus conulus Mayr, 1870
Camponotus coptobregma Kempf, 1968
Camponotus corallinus (Roger, 1863)
Camponotus cordiceps Santschi, 1939
Camponotus cordincola Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus coriolanus Forel, 1912
Camponotus corniculatus Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus cornis Wang et Wu, 1994
Camponotus coruscus (Smith, 1862)
Camponotus cosmicus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus cotesii Forel, 1893
Camponotus cowlei Froggatt, 1896
Camponotus coxalis (Smith, 1859)
Camponotus crassicornis Emery, 1920
Camponotus crassisquamis Forel, 1902
Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus crawleyi Emery, 1920
Camponotus crenatus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus crepusculi Arnold, 1922
Camponotus cressoni Andre, 1887
Camponotus criniticeps Menozzi, 1939
Camponotus cristatus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus crucheti Santschi, 1911
Camponotus cruentatus (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus cuauhtemoc Snelling, 1988
Camponotus cubangensis Forel, 1901
Camponotus culmicola Wheeler, 1905
Camponotus cuneidorsus Emery, 1920
Camponotus cuneiscapus Forel, 1910
Camponotus curviscapus Emery, 1896
Camponotus custodulus Emery, 1911
Camponotus cylindricus (Fabricius, 1798)
Camponotus cyrtomyrmodes Donisthorpe, 1941
Camponotus dalmasi Forel, 1899
Camponotus dalmaticus (Nylander, 1849)
Camponotus darwinii Forel, 1886
Camponotus debellator Santschi, 1926
Camponotus decipiens Emery, 1893
Camponotus declivus Santschi, 1922
Camponotus dedalus Forel, 1911
Camponotus deletangi Santschi, 1920
Camponotus dentatus (Mayr, 1866)
Camponotus denticulatus Kirby, 1896
Camponotus depressiceps Forel, 1879
Camponotus depressus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus desantii Santschi, 1915
Camponotus descarpentriesi Santschi, 1926
Camponotus desectus (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus detritus Emery, 1886
Camponotus devestitus Wheeler, 1928
Camponotus dewitzii Forel, 1886
Camponotus dicksoni Arnold, 1948
Camponotus difformis Stitz, 1938
Camponotus dimorphus Emery, 1894
Camponotus diplopunctatus Emery, 1915
Camponotus discolor (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus discors Forel, 1902
Camponotus distinguendus (Spinola, 1851)
Camponotus divergens Mayr, 1887
Camponotus diversipalpus Santschi, 1922
Camponotus dolabratus Menozzi, 1927
Camponotus dolendus Forel, 1892
Camponotus dolichoderoides Forel, 1911
Camponotus donisthorpei Emery, 1920
Camponotus dorycus (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus dracocephalus Stitz, 1938
Camponotus dromas Santschi, 1919
Camponotus dromedarius Forel, 1891
Camponotus druryi Forel, 1886
Camponotus dufouri Forel, 1891
Camponotus dumetorum Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus echinoploides Forel, 1891
Camponotus edmondi Andre, 1887
Camponotus egregius (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus elegans Forel, 1902
Camponotus elevatus Forel, 1899
Camponotus ellioti Forel, 1891
Camponotus elysii Mann, 1919
Camponotus emarginatus Emery, 1886
Camponotus emeryodicatus Forel, 1901
Camponotus empedocles Emery, 1920
Camponotus ephippiatus Viehmeyer, 1916
Camponotus ephippium (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus equus Stitz, 1932
Camponotus eremicus Wheeler, 1915
Camponotus erigens Forel, 1894
Camponotus erinaceus Gerstaecker, 1871
Camponotus errabundus Arnold, 1949
Camponotus erythrostoma Emery, 1920
Camponotus esau Forel, 1915
Camponotus essigi Smith, 1923
Camponotus ethicus Forel, 1897
Camponotus etiolatus Wheeler, 1904
Camponotus etiolipes Bolton, 1995
Camponotus eugeniae Forel, 1879
Camponotus eurynotus Forel, 1907
Camponotus evae Forel, 1910
Camponotus evansi Crawley, 1920
Camponotus excavatus Donisthorpe, 1948
Camponotus excisus Mayr, 1870
Camponotus exiguoguttatus Forel, 1886
Camponotus exsectus Emery, 1900
Camponotus extensus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus ezotus Bolton, 1995
Camponotus fabricator (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus falco Forel, 1902
Camponotus fallatus Bolton, 1995
Camponotus fallax (Nylander, 1856)
Camponotus fasciatellus Dalla Torre, 1892
Camponotus fasciatus (Mayr, 1867)
Camponotus fastigatus Roger, 1863
Camponotus favorabilis Santschi, 1919
Camponotus fayfaensis Collingwood, 1985
Camponotus fedtschenkoi Mayr, 1877
Camponotus fellah Dalla Torre, 1893
Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804)
Camponotus ferreri Forel, 1913
Camponotus fervidus Donisthorpe, 1943
Camponotus festai Emery, 1894
Camponotus festinatus (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus festinus (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus fiebrigi Forel, 1906
Camponotus fieldeae Forel, 1902
Camponotus fieldellus Forel, 1910
Camponotus figaro Collingwood et Yarrow, 1969
Camponotus flavescens (Fabricius, 1793)
Camponotus flavocassis Donisthorpe, 1941
Camponotus flavocrines Donisthorpe, 1941
Camponotus flavolimbatus Viehmeyer, 1922
Camponotus flavomarginatus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus fletcheri Donisthorpe, 1942
Camponotus floridanus (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus florius Santschi, 1926
Camponotus foleyi Santschi, 1939
Camponotus foraminosus Forel, 1879
Camponotus foreli Emery, 1881
Camponotus formiciformis Forel, 1885
Camponotus formosensis Wheeler, 1927
Camponotus fornasinii Emery, 1895
Camponotus friedae Forel, 1912
Camponotus froggatti Forel, 1902
Camponotus frontalis Pergande, 1896
Camponotus fryi Mann, 1916
Camponotus fugax Forel, 1902
Camponotus fulvopilosus (De Geer, 1778)
Camponotus fumidus Roger, 1863
Camponotus furvus Santschi, 1911
Camponotus fuscipennis Carpenter, 1930
Camponotus fuscivillosus Xiao et Wang, 1989
Camponotus fuscocinctus Emery, 1888
Camponotus gabonensis Santschi, 1926
Camponotus galla Forel, 1894
Camponotus gambeyi Emery, 1883
Camponotus gasseri (Forel, 1894)
Camponotus geayi Santschi, 1922
Camponotus genatus Santschi, 1922
Camponotus gerberti Donisthorpe, 1949
Camponotus germaini Emery, 1903
Camponotus gestroi Emery, 1878
Camponotus gibber Forel, 1891
Camponotus gibbinotus Forel, 1902
Camponotus gibbosus Karavaiev, 1929
Camponotus gigas (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus gilviceps Roger, 1863
Camponotus gilviventris Roger, 1863
Camponotus glabrisquamis Emery, 1911
Camponotus godmani Forel, 1899
Camponotus goeldii Forel, 1894
Camponotus gombaki Dumpert, 1986
Camponotus gouldi Forel, 1886
Camponotus gouldianus Forel, 1922
Camponotus grandidieri Forel, 1886
Camponotus greeni Forel, 1911
Camponotus gretae Forel, 1902
Camponotus guanchus Santschi, 1908
Camponotus guayapa Kusnezov, 1952
Camponotus gundlachi Mann, 1920
Camponotus guppyi Mann, 1920
Camponotus guttatus Emery, 1899
Camponotus habereri Forel, 1911
Camponotus haematocephalus Emery, 1903
Camponotus haereticus Santschi, 1914
Camponotus hagensii Forel, 1886
Camponotus hannani Forel, 1899
Camponotus hapi Weber, 1943
Camponotus hartogi Forel, 1902
Camponotus hastifer Emery, 1911
Camponotus havilandi Arnold, 1922
Camponotus heathi Mann, 1916
Camponotus hedwigae Forel, 1912
Camponotus helleri Emery, 1903
Camponotus hellmichi Menozzi, 1935
Camponotus helvus Xiao et Wang, 1989
Camponotus hemichlaena Yasumatsu et Brown, 1951
Camponotus heracleus (Heer, 1850)
Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Camponotus hermanni Emery, 1911
Camponotus heros Santschi, 1926
Camponotus heteroclitus Forel, 1895
Camponotus hildebrandti Forel, 1886
Camponotus hippocrepis Emery, 1920
Camponotus hoelldobleri Cagniant, 1991
Camponotus holosericeus Emery, 1889
Camponotus holzi Forel, 1921
Camponotus hoplites Emery, 1914
Camponotus horni Clark, 1930
Camponotus horrens Forel, 1910
Camponotus horripilus Emery, 1900
Camponotus horseshoetus Datta et Raychaudhuri, 1985
Camponotus hosei Forel, 1911
Camponotus hospes (Emery, 1884)
Camponotus hova Forel, 1891
Camponotus howensis Wheeler, 1927
Camponotus humeralis Emery, 1920
Camponotus humerus Wang et Wu, 1994
Camponotus hunteri Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus hyatti Emery, 1893
Camponotus hypoclineoides Wheeler, 1919
Camponotus icarus Forel, 1912
Camponotus ignestii Menozzi, 1935
Camponotus iheringi Forel, 1908
Camponotus ilgii Forel, 1894
Camponotus imitator Forel, 1891
Camponotus immigrans Santschi, 1914
Camponotus importunus Forel, 1911
Camponotus impressilabris Stitz, 1938
Camponotus impressus (Roger, 1863)
Camponotus improprius (Forel, 1879)
Camponotus inca Emery, 1903
Camponotus incensus Wheeler, 1932
Camponotus inconspicuus Mayr, 1872
Camponotus indefinitus Karavaiev, 1929
Camponotus indeflexus (Walker, 1859)
Camponotus indicatus Santschi, 1922
Camponotus induratus (Heer, 1850)
Camponotus inflatus Lubbock, 1880
Camponotus innexus Forel, 1902
Camponotus insipidus Forel, 1893
Camponotus integellus Forel, 1899
Camponotus interjectus Mayr, 1877
Camponotus intrepidus (Kirby, 1819)
Camponotus invidus Forel, 1892
Camponotus ionius Emery, 1920
Camponotus iridis Santschi, 1922
Camponotus irritabilis (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus irritans (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus isabellae Forel, 1909
Camponotus itoi Forel, 1912
Camponotus jaliensis Dalla Torre, 1893
Camponotus janeti Forel, 1895
Camponotus janussus Bolton, 1995
Camponotus japonicus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus jeanneli Santschi, 1914
Camponotus jejuensis Kim et Kim, 1986
Camponotus jianghuaensis Xiao et Wang, 1989
Camponotus jizani Collingwood, 1985
Camponotus johnclarki Taylor, 1992
Camponotus juliae Emery, 1903
Camponotus karawaiewi Menozzi, 1926
Camponotus keiferi Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus keihitoi Forel, 1913
Camponotus kelleri Forel, 1886
Camponotus kersteni Gerstaecker, 1871
Camponotus kiesenwetteri (Roger, 1859)
Camponotus kiusiuensis Santschi, 1937
Camponotus klaesii (Forel, 1886)
Camponotus klugii Emery, 1895
Camponotus knysnae Arnold, 1922
Camponotus kollbrunneri Forel, 1910
Camponotus kolthoffi Stitz, 1934
Camponotus kopetdaghensis Dlussky et Zabelin, 1985
Camponotus korthalsiae Emery, 1887
Camponotus koseritzi Emery, 1888
Camponotus kosswigi Donisthorpe, 1950
Camponotus kraepelini Forel, 1901
Camponotus kurdistanicus Emery, 1898
Camponotus kutteri Forel, 1915
Camponotus kutterianus Baroni Urbani, 1972
Camponotus laconicus Emery, 1920
Camponotus laevigatus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus lamarckii Forel, 1892
Camponotus lamborni Donisthorpe, 1933
Camponotus lameerei Emery, 1898
Camponotus laminatus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus lancifer Emery, 1894
Camponotus landolti Forel, 1879
Camponotus langi Wheeler, 1922
Camponotus laotzei Wheeler, 1921
Camponotus largiceps Wu et Wang, 1989
Camponotus larvigerus Wheeler et Mann, 1914
Camponotus lasiselene Wang et Wu, 1994
Camponotus latangulus Roger, 1863
Camponotus latebrosus (Walker, 1859)
Camponotus lateralis (Olivier, 1792)
Camponotus latrunculus (Wheeler, 1915)
Camponotus lauensis Mann, 1921
Camponotus lautus (Say, 1836)
Camponotus leae Wheeler, 1915
Camponotus legionarium Santschi, 1911
Camponotus lenkoi Kempf, 1960
Camponotus leonardi Emery, 1889
Camponotus leptocephalus Emery, 1923
Camponotus lespesii Forel, 1886
Camponotus lessonai Emery, 1894
Camponotus leucophaeus (Smith, 1861)
Camponotus leveillei Emery, 1895
Camponotus leydigi Forel, 1886
Camponotus libanicus Andre, 1881
Camponotus ligeus Donisthorpe, 1931
Camponotus lighti Wheeler, 1927
Camponotus ligniperdus (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus lignitus (Germar, 1837)
Camponotus lilianae Forel, 1913
Camponotus limbiventris Santschi, 1911
Camponotus lindigi Mayr, 1870
Camponotus linnaei Forel, 1886
Camponotus liogaster Santschi, 1932
Camponotus lividicoxis Viehmeyer, 1925
Camponotus loa Mann, 1919
Camponotus longi Forel, 1902
Camponotus longiceps (Smith, 1863)
Camponotus longipalpis Santschi, 1926
Camponotus longipilis Emery, 1911
Camponotus longiventris Theobald, 1937
Camponotus lownei Forel, 1895
Camponotus lubbocki Forel, 1886
Camponotus lucayanus Wheeler, 1905
Camponotus luctuosus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus luteiventris Emery, 1897
Camponotus luteus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus lutzi Forel, 1905
Camponotus maafui Mann, 1921
Camponotus macareaveyi Taylor, 1992
Camponotus maccooki Forel, 1879
Camponotus macilentus Smith, 1877
Camponotus macrocephalus Emery, 1894
Camponotus macrocephalus (Erichson, 1842)
Camponotus macrochaeta Emery, 1903
Camponotus maculatus (Fabricius, 1782)
Camponotus magister Santschi, 1925
Camponotus maguassa Wheeler, 1922
Camponotus manni Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus massiliensis Schmitz, 1950
Camponotus massinissa Wheeler, 1922
Camponotus mathildeae Smith, 1949
Camponotus maudella Mann, 1921
Camponotus maxwellensis Forel, 1913
Camponotus maynei Forel, 1916
Camponotus mayri Forel, 1879
Camponotus medeus Emery, 1920
Camponotus megalonyx Wheeler, 1919
Camponotus melanocephalus Roger, 1863
Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894
Camponotus melichloros Kirby, 1888
Camponotus mendax Forel, 1895
Camponotus mengei Mayr, 1868
Camponotus micans (Nylander, 1856)
Camponotus michaelseni Forel, 1907
Camponotus microcephalus Carpenter, 1930
Camponotus micrositus Wheeler, 1937
Camponotus midas Froggatt, 1896
Camponotus mina Forel, 1879
Camponotus minozzii Emery, 1920
Camponotus minus Wang et Wu, 1994
Camponotus mirabilis Emery, 1903
Camponotus mississippiensis Smith, 1923
Camponotus misturus (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus mitis (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus mocquerysi Emery, 1899
Camponotus mocsaryi Forel, 1902
Camponotus moderatus Santschi, 1930
Camponotus modoc Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus moelleri Forel, 1912
Camponotus moeschi Forel, 1910
Camponotus molossus Forel, 1907
Camponotus monardi Santschi, 1930
Camponotus montivagus Forel, 1885
Camponotus morosus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus mozabensis Emery, 1899
Camponotus mucronatus Emery, 1890
Camponotus mus Roger, 1863
Camponotus mussolinii Donisthorpe, 1936
Camponotus mutilatus (Smith, 1859)
Camponotus myoporus Clark, 1938
Camponotus mystaceus Emery, 1886
Camponotus nacerdus Norton, 1868
Camponotus nadimi Tohme, 1969
Camponotus naegelii Forel, 1879
Camponotus namacola Prins, 1973
Camponotus nasicus Forel, 1891
Camponotus nasutus Emery, 1895
Camponotus natalensis (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus navigator Wilson, 1967
Camponotus nawai Ito, 1914
Camponotus nearcticus Emery, 1893
Camponotus nepos Forel, 1912
Camponotus newzealandicus Donisthorpe, 1940
Camponotus nicobarensis Mayr, 1865
Camponotus nigricans Roger, 1863
Camponotus nigriceps (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus nigrifrons (Mayr, 1870)
Camponotus nigroaeneus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus nigronitidus Azuma, 1951
Camponotus nipponensis Santschi, 1937
Camponotus nipponicus Wheeler, 1928
Camponotus nirvanae Forel, 1893
Camponotus nitens Mayr, 1870
Camponotus niveosetosus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus normatus Forel, 1899
Camponotus nossibeensis Andre, 1887
Camponotus novaeboracensis (Fitch, 1855)
Camponotus novaehollandiae Mayr, 1870
Camponotus novogranadensis Mayr, 1870
Camponotus novotnyi Samsinak, 1967
Camponotus nutans Mayr, 1867
Camponotus nylanderi Emery, 1921
Camponotus nywet Bolton, 1995
Camponotus oasium Forel, 1890
Camponotus obesus Piton, 1935
Camponotus obliquipilosus Emery, 1920
Camponotus obliquus Smith, 1930
Camponotus oblongus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus obreptivus Forel, 1899
Camponotus obscuripes Mayr, 1879
Camponotus obscuriventris Cagniant, 1991
Camponotus obtritus Emery, 1911
Camponotus occasus Emery, 1920
Camponotus oceanicus (Mayr, 1870)
Camponotus ocreatus Emery, 1893
Camponotus oculatior Santschi, 1935
Camponotus odiosus Forel, 1886
Camponotus oeningensis (Heer, 1850)
Camponotus oertzeni Forel, 1889
Camponotus oetkeri Forel, 1910
Camponotus ogasawarensis Terayama et Satoh, 1990
Camponotus olivieri Forel, 1886
Camponotus ominosus Forel, 1911
Camponotus opaciceps Roger, 1863
Camponotus orinobates Santschi, 1919
Camponotus orinus Dumpert, 1995
Camponotus orites Santschi, 1919
Camponotus orthocephalus Emery, 1894
Camponotus orthodoxus Santschi, 1914
Camponotus ostiarius Forel, 1914
Camponotus ovaticeps (Spinola, 1851)
Camponotus overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
Camponotus oxleyi Forel, 1902
Camponotus pachylepis Emery, 1920
Camponotus pallens (Le Guillou, 1842)
Camponotus pallescens Mayr, 1887
Camponotus palpatus Emery, 1897
Camponotus papago Creighton, 1953
Camponotus paradoxus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus parius Emery, 1889
Camponotus patimae Wheeler, 1942
Camponotus pavidus (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus pellarius Wheeler, 1914
Camponotus pellax Santschi, 1919
Camponotus penninervis Theobald, 1937
Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer, 1773)
Camponotus peperi Forel, 1913
Camponotus perneser Bolton, 1995
Camponotus perrisii Forel, 1886
Camponotus perroti Forel, 1897
Camponotus personatus Emery, 1894
Camponotus peseshus Bolton, 1995
Camponotus petersii Emery, 1895
Camponotus petrifactus Carpenter, 1930
Camponotus pexus Santschi, 1929
Camponotus phragmaticola Donisthorpe, 1943
Camponotus phytophilus Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus piceatus Norton, 1868
Camponotus piceus (Leach, 1825)
Camponotus picipes (Olivier, 1792)
Camponotus pictipes Forel, 1891
Camponotus pictostriatus Karavaiev, 1933
Camponotus pilicornis (Roger, 1859)
Camponotus pinguiculus (Heer, 1850)
Camponotus pinguis (Heer, 1850)
Camponotus pittieri Forel, 1899
Camponotus placidus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus planatus Roger, 1863
Camponotus planus Smith, 1877
Camponotus platypus Roger, 1863
Camponotus platytarsus Roger, 1863
Camponotus plutus Santschi, 1922
Camponotus poecilus Emery, 1893
Camponotus politae (Wu et Wang, 1994)
Camponotus polynesicus Emery, 1896
Camponotus pompeius Forel, 1886
Camponotus postcornutus Clark, 1930
Camponotus posticus Santschi, 1926
Camponotus postoculatus Forel, 1914
Camponotus pressipes Emery, 1893
Camponotus propinquellus Emery, 1920
Camponotus propinquus Mayr, 1887
Camponotus prosulcatus Santschi, 1935
Camponotus pseudoirritans Wu et Wang, 1989
Camponotus pseudolendus Wu et Wang, 1989
Camponotus puberulus Emery, 1920
Camponotus pulchellus Forel, 1894
Camponotus pullatus Mayr, 1866
Camponotus pulvinatus Mayr, 1904
Camponotus punctaticeps (Mayr, 1867)
Camponotus punctatissimus Forel, 1907
Camponotus punctatus Forel, 1912
Camponotus punctiventris Emery, 1920
Camponotus punctulatus Mayr, 1868
Camponotus puniceps Donisthorpe, 1942
Camponotus putatus Forel, 1892
Camponotus pylartes Wheeler, 1904
Camponotus pylorus Santschi, 1920
Camponotus quadriceps (Smith, 1859)
Camponotus quadrimaculatus Forel, 1886
Camponotus quadrinotatus Forel, 1886
Camponotus quadrisectus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus quercicola Smith, 1954
Camponotus radiatus Forel, 1892
Camponotus radovae Forel, 1886
Camponotus ramulorum Wheeler, 1905
Camponotus rapax (Fabricius, 1804)
Camponotus raphaelis Forel, 1899
Camponotus reaumuri Forel, 1892
Camponotus rectangularis Emery, 1890
Camponotus reepeni Forel, 1913
Camponotus reevei Arnold, 1922
Camponotus reichardti Arnol'di, 1967
Camponotus reichenspergeri Santschi, 1926
Camponotus reinaldi Kempf, 1960
Camponotus renggeri Emery, 1894
Camponotus repens Forel, 1897
Camponotus reticulatus Roger, 1863
Camponotus rhamses Santschi, 1915
Camponotus riehlii (Roger, 1863)
Camponotus robecchii Emery, 1892
Camponotus robertae Santschi, 1926
Camponotus robustus Roger, 1863
Camponotus roeseli Forel, 1910
Camponotus rothneyi Forel, 1893
Camponotus rotumanus Wilson et Taylor, 1967
Camponotus rotundinodis Santschi, 1935
Camponotus roubaudi Santschi, 1911
Camponotus rubidus Xiao et Wang, 1989
Camponotus rubiginosus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus rubripes (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus rubrithorax Forel, 1899
Camponotus ruficornis Emery, 1895
Camponotus rufifemur Emery, 1900
Camponotus rufifrons (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus rufigaster Menozzi, 1928
Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius, 1775)
Camponotus rufoglaucus (Jerdon, 1851)
Camponotus rufus Crawley, 1925
Camponotus rusticus Santschi, 1916
Camponotus ruzskyellus Forel, 1922
Camponotus ruzskyi Emery, 1898
Camponotus sacchii Emery, 1899
Camponotus sachalinensis Forel, 1904
Camponotus salvini Forel, 1899
Camponotus samius Forel, 1889
Camponotus sanctaefidei Dalla Torre, 1892
Camponotus sanctus Forel, 1904
Camponotus sanguinifrons Viehmeyer, 1925
Camponotus sankisianus Forel, 1913
Camponotus sansabeanus (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus santosi Forel, 1908
Camponotus satan Wheeler, 1919
Camponotus saundersi Emery, 1889
Camponotus saussurei Forel, 1879
Camponotus saussurei Theobald, 1937
Camponotus saxatilis Ruzsky, 1895
Camponotus sayi Emery, 1893
Camponotus scabrinodis Arnold, 1924
Camponotus scalaris Forel, 1901
Camponotus schaefferi Wheeler, 1909
Camponotus schmeltzi Mayr, 1866
Camponotus schmitzi Staercke, 1933
Camponotus schneei Mayr, 1903
Camponotus schoutedeni Forel, 1911
Camponotus scipio Forel, 1908
Camponotus scissus Mayr, 1887
Camponotus scratius Forel, 1907
Camponotus sculptor Santschi, 1920
Camponotus sedulus (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus selene (Emery, 1889)
Camponotus sellidorsatus Prins, 1973
Camponotus semicarinatus (Forel, 1895)
Camponotus semirufus Emery, 1925
Camponotus semitestaceus Snelling, 1970
Camponotus semoni Forel, 1905
Camponotus senex (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus septentrionalis (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus sericatus Mayr, 1887
Camponotus sericeiventris (Guerin-Meneville, 1838)
Camponotus sericeus (Fabricius, 1798)
Camponotus sesquipedalis Roger, 1863
Camponotus setitibia Forel, 1901
Camponotus severini Forel, 1909
Camponotus sexguttatus (Fabricius, 1793)
Camponotus sexpunctatus Forel, 1894
Camponotus shanwangensis Hong, 1984
Camponotus sibreei Forel, 1891
Camponotus sicheli Mayr, 1866
Camponotus siemsseni Forel, 1901
Camponotus sikorai Emery, 1920
Camponotus silvestrii Emery, 1906
Camponotus silvicola Forel, 1902
Camponotus simillimus (Smith, 1862)
Camponotus simoni Emery, 1893
Camponotus simulans Forel, 1910
Camponotus simulator Forel, 1915
Camponotus simus Emery, 1908
Camponotus singularis (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus sklarus Bolton, 1995
Camponotus smithianus Wheeler, 1919
Camponotus snellingi Bolton, 1995
Camponotus socius Roger, 1863
Camponotus socorroensis Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus socrates Forel, 1904
Camponotus solenobius Menozzi, 1926
Camponotus solon Forel, 1886
Camponotus somalinus Andre, 1887
Camponotus sommeri (Forel, 1894)
Camponotus spanis Xiao et Wang, 1989
Camponotus spenceri Clark, 1930
Camponotus sphaericus Roger, 1863
Camponotus sphenocephalus Emery, 1911
Camponotus sphenoidalis Mayr, 1870
Camponotus spinitarsus Emery, 1920
Camponotus spinolae Roger, 1863
Camponotus sponsorum Forel, 1910
Camponotus staryi Pisarski, 1971
Camponotus storeatus Forel, 1910
Camponotus striatus (Smith, 1862)
Camponotus strictus (Jerdon, 1851)
Camponotus subbarbatus Emery, 1893
Camponotus subcircularis Emery, 1920
Camponotus subnitidus Mayr, 1876
Camponotus substitutus Emery, 1894
Camponotus subtilis (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus subtruncatus Borgmeier, 1929
Camponotus sucki Forel, 1901
Camponotus suffusus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus sylvaticus (Olivier, 1792)
Camponotus tahatensis Santschi, 1929
Camponotus taipingensis Forel, 1913
Camponotus tameri Bolton, 1995
Camponotus tashcumiri Tarbinsky, 1976
Camponotus tasmani Forel, 1902
Camponotus tauricollis Forel, 1894
Camponotus tejonia (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus tenuipes (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus tenuiscapus Roger, 1863
Camponotus tepicanus Pergande, 1896
Camponotus terbimaculatus Emery, 1920
Camponotus terebrans (Lowne, 1865)
Camponotus tergestinus Mueller, 1921
Camponotus terricola Karavaiev, 1929
Camponotus territus Santschi, 1939
Camponotus testaceus Emery, 1894
Camponotus texanus Wheeler, 1903
Camponotus texens Dumpert, 1986
Camponotus thales Forel, 1910
Camponotus thomasseti Forel, 1912
Camponotus thoracicus (Fabricius, 1804)
Camponotus thraso Forel, 1893
Camponotus thysanopus Wheeler, 1937
Camponotus tichomirovi Ruzsky, 1905
Camponotus tilhoi Santschi, 1926
Camponotus timidus (Jerdon, 1851)
Camponotus tokioensis Ito, 1912
Camponotus tokunagai Naora, 1933
Camponotus tonduzi Forel, 1899
Camponotus tonkinus Santschi, 1925
Camponotus torrei Aguayo, 1932
Camponotus tortuganus Emery, 1895
Camponotus toussainti Wheeler et Mann, 1914
Camponotus traegaordhi Santschi, 1914
Camponotus trajanus Forel, 1912
Camponotus transvaalensis Arnold, 1948
Camponotus trapeziceps Forel, 1908
Camponotus trapezoideus Mayr, 1870
Camponotus trepidulus Creighton, 1965
Camponotus tricolor (Stitz, 1912)
Camponotus tricoloratus Clark, 1941
Camponotus trietericus Menozzi, 1926
Camponotus trifasciatus Santschi, 1926
Camponotus tripartitus Mayr, 1887
Camponotus tristis Clark, 1930
Camponotus triton Wheeler, 1934
Camponotus tritschleri Forel, 1912
Camponotus truebi Forel, 1910
Camponotus truncatus (Spinola, 1808)
Camponotus tumidus Crawley, 1922
Camponotus turkestanicus Emery, 1887
Camponotus turkestanus Andre, 1882
Camponotus ulcerosus Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus ulei Forel, 1904
Camponotus ullrichi Bachmayer, 1960
Camponotus ulvarum Forel, 1899
Camponotus universitatis Forel, 1890
Camponotus urichi Forel, 1899
Camponotus ursus Forel, 1886
Camponotus ustus Forel, 1879
Camponotus vafer Wheeler, 1910
Camponotus vagus (Scopoli, 1763)
Camponotus valdeziae Forel, 1879
Camponotus varians Roger, 1863
Camponotus variegatus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus varius Donisthorpe, 1943
Camponotus varus Forel, 1910
Camponotus vehemens Foerster, 1891
Camponotus velox (Jerdon, 1851)
Camponotus versicolor Clark, 1930
Camponotus vespertinus Arnold, 1960
Camponotus vestitus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus vetus Scudder, 1877
Camponotus vezenyii Forel, 1907
Camponotus vicinus Mayr, 1870
Camponotus victoriae Arnold, 1959
Camponotus viehmeyeri Forel, 1911
Camponotus vigilans (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus villosus Crawley, 1915
Camponotus vinosus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus viri Santschi, 1915
Camponotus virulens Santschi, 1861
Camponotus vitiensis Mann, 1921
Camponotus vitreus (Smith, 1860)
Camponotus vittatus Forel, 1904
Camponotus vividus (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus voeltzkowii Forel, 1894
Camponotus vogti Forel, 1906
Camponotus vulpus Santschi, 1926
Camponotus walkeri Forel, 1893
Camponotus wasmanni Emery, 1893
Camponotus wedda Forel, 1908
Camponotus weismanni Forel, 1901
Camponotus wellmani Forel, 1909
Camponotus werthi Forel, 1908
Camponotus westermanni Mayr, 1862
Camponotus wheeleri Mann, 1916
Camponotus whitei Wheeler, 1915
Camponotus wiederkehri Forel, 1894
Camponotus wildae Donisthorpe, 1948
Camponotus wroughtonii Forel, 1893
Camponotus wytsmani Emery, 1920
Camponotus xanthogaster Santschi, 1925
Camponotus yala Kusnezov, 1952
Camponotus yamaokai Terayama et Satoh, 1990
Camponotus yessensis Yasumatsu et Brown, 1951
Camponotus yiningensis Wang et Wu, 1994
Camponotus yogi Wheeler, 1915
Camponotus zenon Forel, 1912
Camponotus zimmermanni Forel, 1894
Camponotus zoc Forel, 1879

Espèces fossiles modifier

Selon Paleobiology Database ou Fossilworks, les espèces fossiles s'établissent à^[4] :

†Camponotus ambon Zhang 1989
†Camponotus ampullosus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus cockerelli Donisthorpe 1920
†Camponotus compactus Förster 1891
†Camponotus crozei Riou 1999
†Camponotus curviansatus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus festinatus Buckley 1866
†Camponotus festinus Smith 1857
†Camponotus fuscipennis Carpenter 1930
†Camponotus gracilis Zhang 1989
†Camponotus heracleus Heer 1849
†Camponotus induratus Heer 1849
†Camponotus lignitus Germar 1837
†Camponotus longiventris Théobald 1937
†Camponotus longus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus luteus Smith 1858
†Camponotus mengei Mayr 1868
†Camponotus microcephalus Carpenter 1930
†Camponotus microthoracus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus mitis Smith 1892
†Camponotus novotnyi Samsinak 1967
†Camponotus obesus Piton 1935
†Camponotus oeningensis Heer 1849
†Camponotus palaeopterus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus penninervis Théobald 1937
†Camponotus petrifactus Carpenter 1930
†Camponotus pictus Zhang et al. 1994
†Camponotus pinguiculus Heer 1849
†Camponotus plenus Zhang 1989
†Camponotus shanwangensis Hong 1983
†Camponotus theobaldi Özdikmen 2010 avec un synonyme †Camponotus saussureiThéobald 1937
†Camponotus tokunagai Naora 1933
†Camponotus ullrichi Bachmayer 1960
†Camponotus vehemens Förster 1891
†Camponotus vetus Scudder 1877

Galerie modifier

Quelques espèces vivantes du genre *Camponotus*.
Ouvrières Camponotus aethiops. Fourmi géante Camponotus gigas, parc national de Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, île de Bornéo, Malaisie. Vue de profil : Camponotus herculeanus. Fourmi charpentière Camponotus ligniperda. Vue de profil : Camponotus piceus.

Bibliographie modifier

: document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article.

Publication originale modifier

[1861] (de) Gustav L. Mayr, Die Europäischen Formiciden : nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet, Vienne, Inconnu, 1861, 48 p. (OCLC 14762672, DOI 10.5962/BHL.TITLE.14089, lire en ligne).

Liens externes modifier

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

Camponotus, sur Wikimedia Commons
Camponotus, sur Wikispecies

Ressources relatives au vivant :
Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes :
- Britannica
- Store norske leksikon
(fr) Référence Fourmis-Québec

Notes et références modifier

Notes modifier

Références taxonomiques modifier

(en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Camponotus (consulté le 12 mars 2012)
(en) Référence BioLib : Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (consulté le 27 avril 2019)
(en) Référence Catalogue of Life : Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (consulté le 12 décembre 2020)
(en) Référence Fauna Europaea : Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (consulté le 16 mars 2023)
(fr + en) Référence ITIS : Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (consulté le 27 avril 2019)
(en) Référence NCBI : Camponotus (taxons inclus) (consulté le 27 avril 2019)
(en) Référence Tree of Life Web Project : Camponotus (consulté le 27 avril 2019)
(en) Référence Paleobiology Database : Camponotus Mayr 1861 (consulté le 12 mars 2012)
(en) Référence UICN : taxon Camponotus (consulté le 7 janvier 2023)

Références modifier

↑ Gustav L. Mayr 1861.
↑ (en) Référence Paleobiology Database : Camponotus Mayr 1861 (ant) (consulté le 7 juillet 2023).
↑ Ministère de la transition écologique (France), « Des pucerons bien traités », article web parlant de Camponotus utilisant le fenouil commun comme plante hôte et en relation positive avec cette plante et des pucerons, sur webzine-biodiversite.developpement-durable.gouv.fr (consulté le 15 juin 2018).
↑ (en) Référence Paleobiology Database : Camponotus (consulté le 21 juillet 2021).

Portail de l’entomologie

[Gustav_L._Mayr1861-1] Gustav L. Mayr 1861.

[tpdb-2] (en) Référence Paleobiology Database : Camponotus Mayr 1861 (ant) (consulté le 7 juillet 2023).

[3] Ministère de la transition écologique (France), « Des pucerons bien traités », article web parlant de Camponotus utilisant le fenouil commun comme plante hôte et en relation positive avec cette plante et des pucerons, sur webzine-biodiversite.developpement-durable.gouv.fr (consulté le 15 juin 2018).

[4] (en) Référence Paleobiology Database : Camponotus (consulté le 21 juillet 2021).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]