Discussion utilisateur:Thib Phil/Bac à sable 3
Histoire des sites funéraires et cimetières parisiens modifier
L'agglomération parisienne compte 14 cimetières intra-muros et six cimetières extra muros au début du XXIème siècle.
Premières nécropoles : Préhistoire et Antiquité modifier
Moyen-Âge modifier
Le cimetière des Saints-Innocents modifier
Le cimetière des Saints Innocents de Paris abritait ainsi plusieurs reclusoirs tout au long du Moyen Âge accueillant reclus et recluses.
XVIIIème siècle modifier
XIXème siècle modifier
Cimetières juifs de Paris modifier
Cimetières orthodoxes de Paris modifier
Cimetières musulmans de Paris modifier
Banlieue parisienne modifier
Sites funéraires exceptionnels modifier
Nécropole royale de la basilique de Saint-Denis modifier
Le Panthéon modifier
Tombe du soldat inconnu modifier
Ossuaires modifier
Articles connexes modifier
Bibliographies modifier
- Jacques Hillairet : Les 200 cimetières du vieux Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1958
- Michel Dansel : Les cimetières de Paris - Promenades historiques, anecdotiques et capricieuses, Guides touristiques Godefroy, 2004
- Jacques Barrozi - Photographies de Bernard Ladoux : Secrets des cimetières de Paris, Éditions Charles Massin, Collection « Les essentiels du patrimoine », 2012
- Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile de France : Mémoires - Volume IV (1952) : « Les cimetières juifs de Paris »
Liens externes modifier
- Mairie de Paris : Histoire et patrimoine des cimetières parisiens
- Le cimetière juif de la rue Pierre-Sarrazin]
Notes et références modifier
Notes modifier
Références modifier
DOCU modifier
Histoire des Juifs de Paris modifier
Première implantation modifier
Moyen Âge modifier
La Juiverie modifier
Une « juiverie » désigne à l'époque un quartier où habitent les Israélites.
XIXème siècle modifier
« En 1790, cinq cents Juifs habitent Paris. Leur émancipation en septembre 1791 et l`attrait de la grande ville, portent ce nombre à 40 000 en 1890, soit plus de la moitié des Juifs de France. Une étude quantitative multidimensionnelle met en évidence leur intégration géographique, sociale et professionnelle. Si la Révolution, en émancipant les individus juifs, avait aboli leurs organisations communautaires, Napoléon les ressuscita en créant les Consistoires israélites. A Paris, les institutions crées par le Consistoire comme le comité de bienfaisance et les écoles, voisinèrent avec celles dues à l`initiative privée : oratoires, sociétés de secours mutuel, écoles privées, journaux. Sans oublier une abondance de commerces à vocation spécifiquement juive. Révélateur d`une identité juive renouvelée, ce développement pouvait également être observé à Berlin, Londres et Vienne, dont les communautés juives suivirent une évolution analogue »
— François Lustman, De l'émancipation à l'antisémitisme - Histoire de la communauté juive de Paris 1789-1880[note 1]
La communauté juive parisienne sous l'occupation modifier
Personnalités et institutions juives parisiennes modifier
Articles connexes modifier
Bibliographies modifier
- Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile de France : Mémoires - Volume IV (1952) : « Les cimetières juifs de Paris »
- François Lustman : De l'émancipation à l'antisémitisme : histoire de la communauté juive à Paris 1789-1880, Honoré Champion (2006), (ISBN 10-2745314084[à vérifier : ISBN invalide]) (ISBN 13-9782745314086[à vérifier : ISBN invalide])
- (en) Jacques Adler : The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution Communal Response and Internal Conflict 1940-1944, OUP USA 1991
Liens externes modifier
Notes et références modifier
Notes modifier
- Note de l'éditeur.
Références modifier
DOCU modifier
Sculptures et statuaire des cimetières de Paris modifier
Articles connexes modifier
Bibliographies modifier
Liens externes modifier
Notes et références modifier
Notes modifier
Références modifier
DOCU modifier
Exégèses ésotériques de la biographie de Jeanne d'Arc modifier
Alfred Duffié modifier
Modèle:Infobox military person
Alfred Napoléon Alexander Duffié (May 18, 1833 – November 8, 1880) was a French-American soldier and diplomat who served in the Crimean War and the American Civil War.
Early life and career modifier
Duffié was born in Paris. Several claims about his early life seem to be untrue: that he graduated from the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, that he fought in the Austrian War of 1859, that he was awarded the Legion d'Honneur though he wore it in several photographs, or that his father was a count.[1] It is known that Duffié joined France's Imperial Cavalry in 1852, being assigned to the 6th Dragoon regiment. As a member of this unit, he served during the Crimean War, seeing action at the Battle of Balaclava and the Battle of Chernaya River.[1] He proved to be a skilled non-commissioned officer and rose through the ranks. In 1859, Duffié earned a commission as a sub-lieutenant with the 3rd Hussar cavalry regiment. However, for unclear reasons, he soon resigned his commission and left France for the United States. For leaving the army before his resignation was accepted, Duffié was charged with desertion and sentenced in absentia to ten years of imprisonment.[1] After coming to the United States he married into a prominent New York family, making his new home on Staten Island.
Civil War modifier
When the American Civil War broke out, Duffié enlisted in the Union Army. He first joined the 2nd New York Cavalry (also known as the Harris Light Cavalry), on August 9, 1861,[2] and was soon promoted to the rank of captain. The somewhat quarrelsome Duffié was placed under arrest several times for confrontations with other officers; in one incident, he challenged General Fitz John Porter to a duel.[1] In July 1862 Duffié was appointed to command the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry, with the rank of colonel, by that state's governor, William Sprague IV. Though the 1st Rhode Island's officers initially refused to serve under a foreign-born leader, Duffié soon won them over and reorganized the 1st into a fine fighting unit. Assigned to the command of General William Averell, they saw action against Confederate troops under Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson in August 1862, in fighting near Cedar Mountain, Virginia.
At the Battle of Kelly's Ford in March 1863 Duffié ordered a charge, against Averell's orders to keep on the defensive, which forced the opposing cavalry into retreat. When the Union cavalry was reorganized under Alfred Pleasonton, Duffié was promoted to divisional command. On June 9, 1863, Duffié's division was assigned to the left wing of an intended assault on the Confederate cavalry, but initially lost its way, putting them behind schedule.[3] Meanwhile, the Union right wing had opened the Battle of Brandy Station. Arriving on the field, Duffié was ordered toward the town of Stevensburg; there his division was halted by a smaller Confederate force.[4] As a result, he was demoted back to regimental command. On June 17, 1863 he led the 1st Rhode Island on a reconnaissance mission toward Middleburg, Virginia. There he came close to capturing Confederate cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart; after his narrow escape, Stuart returned to Middleburg and inflicted a decisive defeat on Duffié's regiment, only 61 members of the 1st Rhode Island got back to the Union lines.[5]
Relinquishing his command, Duffié returned to Washington, D.C.. Though he received a promotion to the rank of brigadier general on June 23, 1863, he would not see active duty again until that fall when he was assigned to raise and train cavalry units in West Virginia. His division of West Virginia volunteers saw action around Lewisburg in December 1863 and as part of General David Hunter's 1864 campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. He also took part in operations against Confederate guerrilla leader John S. Mosby, promising to capture the so-called "Gray Ghost" and bring him back to Washington.[1] Instead, it was Duffié who was captured by Mosby's men near Bunker Hill, West Virginia, on October 20, 1864.[6] He was sent to prison camp, then paroled on February 22, 1865. Duffié was then ordered to Texas for a campaign against Confederate general Edmund Kirby Smith, but that campaign ended before he could arrive.
Postwar career modifier
On August 24, 1865 Duffié was mustered out of service and returned to his Staten Island home. He was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1867. In 1869 he was appointed U.S. consul to Cadiz, Spain. It was there, on November 8, 1880, that he died from tuberculosis. After his death, some of Duffié's former officers from the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry established a subscription toward a monument to their old leader, to be placed in Providence.[1]
Notes modifier
- Ditmann, pp. 623-24.
- Eicher, p. 217. According to Ditmann, p. 624, he joined this unit in August 1862, but this cannot be correct as it contradict the subsequent timeline.
- Sears, pp. 64-65.
- Sears, pp. 68, 72.
- Sears, p. 98.
- Foote, p. 806.
References modifier
- Ditman, Laurent. "Alfred Napoléon Alexandre Duffié." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. (ISBN 0-393-04758-X).
- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. (ISBN 0-8047-3641-3).
- Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. New York: Random House, 1974. (ISBN 0-394-74913-8).
- Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. (ISBN 0-8117-0898-5).
- Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. (ISBN 0-395-86761-4).
Références modifier
Figurines archéologiques modifier
- section de Figurine
Des figurines zoomorphes ou anthropomorphes furent façonnées dès la Préhistoire à des fins religieuses ou magiques. Les matériaux d'origine animale ( os, corne ), le bois, la pierre puis plus tard la terre cuite furent ainsi utilisés pour la réalisation de statuettes de divinités, d'ex-votos ou de gris-gris voire, à partir du Néolithique, de jouets pour les enfants ou de bibelots de décoration dans des sociétés où désormais, la sédentarisation, l'agriculture, l'élevage et le début de l'urbanisation assurent la subsistance et créent un certain confort de vie et même une certaine aisance.
En Europe, les premières figurines apparaissent au Paléolithique supérieur - ce sont les « Vénus ». C'est au Néolithique que la production sera la plus importante, en particulier dans les Balkans pour la période comprise entre -6500 et -3500 av. JC parmi les communautés d'agriculteurs pratiquant l'art de la céramique[1].
- D. Bailey : Prehistoric figurines ... Introduction ( cfr Bibliographie )