Traité d'Anvers

Données clés
Type de traité	Armistice durant la guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans
Signé	9 avril 1609; Anvers

Le traité d'Anvers (connue aussi sous le nom de Trêve de douze ans) était un armistice signé à Anvers le 9 avril 1609 entre l'Espagne et les Provinces-Unies, créant une période de cessez-le-feu durant la guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans pour l'indépendance, conduite par les Provinces-Unies.

Termes du traité

En février 1608, les négociateurs hollandais ont soumis à leurs homologues espagnols trois différentes propositions concernant le commerce étranger dans les Indes orientales :

la première proposition suggérait que la paix en Europe soit fondée avec un libre commerce dans les territoires étrangers qui n'étaient pas sous le contrôle de l'Empire colonial espagnol ;
la seconde proposition proposait une trêve permettant de commercer librement à l'étranger pendant une période indéterminée ;
la troisième proposition suggérait que le commerce étranger soit basé sur une politique « à ses risques et périls ».

En fin de compte, les Espagnols ont choisi la deuxième des trois propositions. Selon les termes du traité, les Pays-Bas eurent le droit de commercer avec les territoires n'étant pas sous l'emprise de l'Empire colonial espagnol à condition d'acquérir une lettre patente du roi d'Espagne. De plus, les Hollandais étaient autorisés à s'engager dans un commerce sans entrave en dehors de l'Empire colonial espagnol, avec la permission des indigènes. Selon un protocole rédigé par des représentants anglais et français, les Hollandais décidèrent, durant les négociations, se réserver le droit d'aider des indigènes ayant conclu des relations diplomatiques avec eux et que de telles actions ne constituent pas dans l'ensemble une violation de l'armistice^[1].

Hugo Grotius

La création de l'accord a été influencée par les écrits d'Hugo Grotius dans la Mare Liberum, publiée sous l'influence de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales durant la période des négociations. La brochure fut publiée anonymement à Leyde environ un mois avant la conclusion du traité^[2].

Johan van Oldenbarnevelt

Johan van Oldenbarnevelt et les oligarchies urbaines de Hollande ont développé un autre traité de paix pour prévenir de nouvelles hostilités contre les Espagnols, une fois l'expiration du traité d'Anvers en 1621. Cependant, le stadhouder Maurice de Nassau, l'adversaire politique d'Oldenbarnevelt dans le gouvernement des Provinces-Unies, conduisit une faction de nobles qui soutenait la reprise des hostilités envers l'Espagne et a décidé d'arrêter Oldenbarnevelt en 1618^[3].

Références

↑ Wilhem Grewe, p. 159. In February 1608 the Dutch negotiators submitted to their Spanish counterparts three alternative proposals relating to the question of the Indies: 1) Peace in Europe and free trade with those overseas territories that were not in Spanish possession at that time; 2) Peace in Europe and a truce in the overseas regions for a period of years in which the overseas trade was to be free; or 3) Overseas trade at one's own risk according to the English-French model. The Spanish accepted as a basis of discussion the second proposal only. They did so only after a temporary interruption of negotiations, when the Armistice Treaty of Antwerp was concluded on 9 April 1609. It granted the Netherlands the right to trade with Spanish possessions only under the condition of an express license from the king. However, outside the Spanish possessions the Dutch were to be allowed, with the permission of the natives, to engage in unhindered trade. A protocol written by the English and French envoys stated that the Dutch, in the negotiations, had reserved the right to provide assistance to those natives with whom they had already concluded treaty relations, and that this would not violate the armistice.
↑ Armitage, p. 52-53. "The publication of Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum in 1609 coincided with James's policy of restricting Dutch fishing in British waters, thus putting a specifically Scoto-British argument for mare clausum at the centre of a global argument over rights of dominium. The work, a fragment of the larger treatise De Jure Prede, was published at the insistence of the Dutch East India Company in the context of the negotiations towards what would become the Twelve Years Truce between Spain and the United Provinces. Grotius justified Dutch rights of trade and navigation in the East Indies against the claims of the Portuguese by arguing from natural law principles that anything publicum - such as the air, the sea, and the shore of that sea - was the common property of all, and hence could be the private property of none. The polemical purpose of this was clear: to deny that any state could make the sea an accessory to its realm, and to enforce freedom of navigation throughout the ocean, as a Dutch counterblast to Portuguese claims of dominium over the seas on grounds of first discovery, papal donation, rights of conquest or title of occupation. Though the East Indian context was uppermost in Grotius's argument and provided the spur for its publication, this did not prevent James's subjects from imagining that his claims to freedom of the seas were made at the expense of their own demands for new restrictions on Dutch fishing rights: 'K[ing] James coming in the Dutch put out Mare Liberum, made as if aimed at mortifying the Spaniards' usurpation in the W. and E. Indyes, but aimed indeed at England', noted one commentator in 1673. Indeed, the Treaty of Antwerp (1609) secured Dutch rights of navigation in the East Indies only a month after Grotius's pamphlet was published anonymously in Leiden."
↑ Fix, p. 67. Oldenbarnevelt and the urban oligarchies of Holland formed a peace treaty opposing renewed hostilities with Spain when the so-called Twelve Year Truce expired in 1621, but Nassau, Oldenbarnevelt's chief rival for power within the government of the United Provinces, led a noble faction favoring a resumption of the war as well as a greater centralization of the Dutch government than the oligarchs were willing to permit. (...) As the end of the truce neared the political quarrel reached crisis point in 1618 when Nassau managed to have Oldenbarnevelt arrested.

Voir aussi

Sources

(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Treaty of Antwerp (1609) » (voir la liste des auteurs) dans sa version du 5 décembre 2007.

Armitage, David. "Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707". Past and Present, n^o 155. (mai 1997), p. 34-63.
Fix, Andrew. "Radical Reformation and Second Reformation in Holland: The Intellectual Consequences of the Sixteenth-Century Religious Upheaval and the Coming of a Rational World View". Sixteenth Century Journal, volume 18, n^o 1 (preintemps 1987), p. 63-80.
(en) Wilhelm Georg Grewe et Michael Byers, The epochs of international law, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, 780 p. (ISBN 978-3-110-15339-2, OCLC 491696223)

[1] Wilhem Grewe, p. 159. In February 1608 the Dutch negotiators submitted to their Spanish counterparts three alternative proposals relating to the question of the Indies: 1) Peace in Europe and free trade with those overseas territories that were not in Spanish possession at that time; 2) Peace in Europe and a truce in the overseas regions for a period of years in which the overseas trade was to be free; or 3) Overseas trade at one's own risk according to the English-French model. The Spanish accepted as a basis of discussion the second proposal only. They did so only after a temporary interruption of negotiations, when the Armistice Treaty of Antwerp was concluded on 9 April 1609. It granted the Netherlands the right to trade with Spanish possessions only under the condition of an express license from the king. However, outside the Spanish possessions the Dutch were to be allowed, with the permission of the natives, to engage in unhindered trade. A protocol written by the English and French envoys stated that the Dutch, in the negotiations, had reserved the right to provide assistance to those natives with whom they had already concluded treaty relations, and that this would not violate the armistice.

[2] Armitage, p. 52-53. "The publication of Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum in 1609 coincided with James's policy of restricting Dutch fishing in British waters, thus putting a specifically Scoto-British argument for mare clausum at the centre of a global argument over rights of dominium. The work, a fragment of the larger treatise De Jure Prede, was published at the insistence of the Dutch East India Company in the context of the negotiations towards what would become the Twelve Years Truce between Spain and the United Provinces. Grotius justified Dutch rights of trade and navigation in the East Indies against the claims of the Portuguese by arguing from natural law principles that anything publicum - such as the air, the sea, and the shore of that sea - was the common property of all, and hence could be the private property of none. The polemical purpose of this was clear: to deny that any state could make the sea an accessory to its realm, and to enforce freedom of navigation throughout the ocean, as a Dutch counterblast to Portuguese claims of dominium over the seas on grounds of first discovery, papal donation, rights of conquest or title of occupation. Though the East Indian context was uppermost in Grotius's argument and provided the spur for its publication, this did not prevent James's subjects from imagining that his claims to freedom of the seas were made at the expense of their own demands for new restrictions on Dutch fishing rights: 'K[ing] James coming in the Dutch put out Mare Liberum, made as if aimed at mortifying the Spaniards' usurpation in the W. and E. Indyes, but aimed indeed at England', noted one commentator in 1673. Indeed, the Treaty of Antwerp (1609) secured Dutch rights of navigation in the East Indies only a month after Grotius's pamphlet was published anonymously in Leiden."

[3] Fix, p. 67. Oldenbarnevelt and the urban oligarchies of Holland formed a peace treaty opposing renewed hostilities with Spain when the so-called Twelve Year Truce expired in 1621, but Nassau, Oldenbarnevelt's chief rival for power within the government of the United Provinces, led a noble faction favoring a resumption of the war as well as a greater centralization of the Dutch government than the oligarchs were willing to permit. (...) As the end of the truce neared the political quarrel reached crisis point in 1618 when Nassau managed to have Oldenbarnevelt arrested.

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