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ScanPyramids mission is an Egyptian-International project designed and led by Cairo University and the French HIP Institute (Heritage Innovation Preservation). This project aims at scanning, the Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids (Khufu, Khafre, the Bent and the Red Pyramids) to detect the presence unknown internal voids and structures.
The project, launched on October 2015, combines several non-invasive and non-destructive techniques which may help to a better understanding of their structure and their construction processes and techniques. The team is currently using Infrared thermography, muon tomography, 3D simulation and reconstruction techniques.
ScanPyramids is an interdisciplinary project mixing art, science and technology[1]. On November 2nd 2017, the ScanPyramids team announced, through a publication in Nature, its third discovery in the Great Pyramid: A "plane-sized" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/great-pyramid-egypt-giza-room-inside-void-plane-sized-mystery-scientists-chamber-a8033336.html) previously unknown void named ScanPyramids Big Void.
Discoveries
modifier2016
modifierOn October 15th 2016 the ScanPyramids team confirmed their first unknown void discoveries thanks to muon tomography in the Great Pyramid. (https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/scanning-the-pyramids-hidden-cavities-beneath-gizas-great-pyramid/ss-AAjeP6q?li=BBoPOOl&parent-title=archaeologists-uncover-secrets-of-how-egyptians-built-the-great-pyramid-of-giza et https://www.livescience.com/56510-photos-inside-great-pyramid-giza.html) A previously unknown cavity (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.08.004) was confirmed on the North-Eastern Edge, roughly at 110m high with similar void volume characteristics as a known "cave" located at 83m on the same edge.(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258884202_3D_Reconstruction_of_the_Cave_of_the_Great_Pyramid_from_Video_Footage). A second void was discovered behind the chevrons area of Khufu's North Face above the descending corridor. This area was investigated after thermal anomalies observation that led the team to position muon emulsion plates in the descending corridor.(http://www.hip.institute/press/HIP_INSTITUTE_CP9_EN.pdf et https://globalnews.ca/news/3010559/more-hidden-cavities-found-in-great-pyramid-of-giza/) This void has been more investigated during the year 2017 in order to provide more information about its shape, size, and exact position. (http://www.hip.institute/press/HIP_INSTITUTE_CP9_EN.pdf et https://vimeo.com/190875987)
2017
modifierDuring 2017 more muons emulsion plates were positionned in the descending corridor and in Al-Mamun's tunnel. The void behind the chevrons has been reconfirmed through different "point of views" and its characteritics have been refined. Baptised ScanPyramids North-Face corridor, this void is located between 17 and 23m from the Great Pyramid's ground level, between 0,7m and 2m from the North Face. Its slope is either horizontal or upward slope and it has a corridor like shape.(https://vimeo.com/243085434)
On November 2017, the ScanPyramids team published in the scientific journal (lien wiki) Nature (lien wiki), its third discovery, named ScanPyramids Big Void. This void has similar size charecteritics as the Grand Gallery and it's located above it. Its minimal lenght is 30m. This discovery has been confirmed by three international and independant scientific institution. Each of them used a different muography technique in order to confirm this previoulsly unknown void. The team has been very cautious about its architectural nature.
This discovery has been featured in many international media as one of the top discoveries of the year 2017 (NBC News, Euronews, Le Monde, Gizmodo, PBS, Egypt Today, Radio Canada, La Vanguardia...) Remettre les liens dans cet ordre dans les ref. NBC News : 5 Groundbreaking Scientific Discoveries Of 2017 That Could Change Our Future Euronews : Here are the top science and tech stories of 2017 Science News : Revisiting the science stories that made us cry, think and say ‘OMG’ in 2017 Global News Canada : Best science discoveries of 2017 Gizmodo : The Coolest Scientific Discoveries of 2017 Business Insider: The Wildest Discoveries of 2017 (Business Insider) The Altmetric Top 100: What academic research caught the public imagination in 2017 Egypt Today : The Best Scientific Breakthroughs of 2017 NBC : 7 Top Science and Tech Stories of 2017 MSN News : 20 Important Discoveries of 2017 History : The Coolest Historical Discoveries of 2017 Le Monde : 2017, une année de sciences en images CTV : The 17 most amazing moments in science of 2017 The Franklin Institute : 7 Most Exciting Scientific Breakthrough of 2017 Radio-Canada : Rétrospective, 17 Découvertes qui ont marqué la science en 2017 Sciences et Avenir : Rétrospective: Ce qu’il faut retenir de 2017 RTE : Ten Science Stories that grabbed headlines in 2017 PBS : Big Idea of 2017: Cosmic Discoveries in Space and Time News.com.au : These are the greatest unsolved mysteries of 2017 ABC : Cinco asombrosos descubrimientos de la Física en 2017 La Vanguardia : Los grandes descubrimientos arqueológicos que deja este 2017 France Info: Douze avancées et découvertes scientifiques qui ont marqué 2017
Scientific publication
modifierThe ScanPyramids Big Void's discovery has been published, on November 2nd 2017, in the scientific peer-reviewed (lien wiki) journal Nature. This previously unknown and gigantic void is located just above the known Grand Gallery, in a circonscribed area. Its minimum lenght is 30m and it has a similar cross-section as the Grand Gallery.The ScanPyramids Big Void has been observed by three physicists teams from different point of view (2 point of view in the Queen's Chamber and from outside in front of the North Face). Each team has confirmed the discovery (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(observation)) of this previously unknown void at certainty level above 5 Sigma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Table).
The three scientific institution specialized in particle physics have worked independently and each one used a different and complementary muography (lien wiki) technique:
Nagoya University, Japan: Nuclear emulsion plates in the Queen's Chamber High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan: Scintillator hodoscope in the Queen's Chamber French Atomic and Alternative Commision (CEA), France: Muon telescopes with gas detectors positionned outside in front of the Great Pyramid's North Face (On peut à nouveau referencer l'article Nature, j'ai repris les termes)
As it was done for the void discovered behind the chevrons area (ScanPyramids North Face Corridor), new muography observations, from new angles, should be conducted in order to refine the Big Void's architectural characteristics (slope, shape).(lien reddit entre autre)
Egyptologists reactions
modifierOn November 2nd 2017, the Egyptologist Zahi Hawass, who published few weeks before, with Mark Lehner his latest book, Giza and the Pyramids: A definitive history told the New York Times: “They found nothing...This paper offers nothing to Egyptology. Zero.”
On November 4th, Egypt’s Antiquities Minister Khaled al-Anany said, during a press conference, that the void space found inside the Great Pyramid of Khufu by the ScanPyramids project is a new revelation that brought the world’s attention to Egypt. He added “What was discovered is new and larger than the known cavities, and we’ll continue in our scientific steps”
Other Egyptologists have welcomed the discovery. Yukinori Kawae told National Geographic “This is definitely the discovery of the century...There have been many hypotheses about the pyramid, but no one even imagined that such a big void is located above the Grand Gallery.”
Peter der Manuelian from Harvard University Peter Der Manuelian said that “This is an exciting new discovery, and potentially a major contribution to our knowledge about the Great Pyramid,” (https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/11/2/16594408/great-pyramid-giza-cosmic-rays-void-particle-physics-nature)
Physicists reactions
modifierLee Thompson, an expert in particle physics at the University of Sheffield (UK) told Science (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal))"The scientists have “seen” the void using three different muon detectors in three independent experiments, which makes their finding very robust". (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/cosmic-rays-reveal-unknown-void-great-pyramid-giza)
Christopher Morris, physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory (lien wiki) called the findings “pretty amazing,” (ref)
Luis Walter Alvarez (lien wiki), was the first scientist to use muography inside a Pyramid in the 1965. Jerry Anderson member of his team who worked on Khafre's Pyramid told Los Ageles Time: "I am very excited and very pleased,...I wish we had worked in the Great Pyramid, now that I look back on it” he said with a laugh.
- « Scan Pyramids project », sur https://www.altaplana.be (consulté le )