Turc agémique
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Le turc agémique (autonyme : Türkī-yi ʿacemī)[1], aussi appelé moyen azéri[2],[3] est un chronolecte de l'azéri, une langue turcique actuellement parlée en Azerbaïdjan et dans des pays voisins, utilisé en Iran et dans le Caucase du Sud entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle. Il est devenu l'azéri littéraire à partir du XVe siècle, puis l'azéri moderne à partir du XVIIIe siècle. Le vieil azéri serait devenu le turc agémique au XIVe siècle[4]. Son dialecte central était la lingua franca en Iran et dans le Caucase, et était parlé dans les États de Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, ainsi que les empires Séfévides et Ottomans[5],[6],[7].
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| Turc agémique Türkī-yi ʿacemī (adjectif : moyen-azéri) | |
| Période | XVe – XVIIIe siècles |
|---|---|
| Langues filles | azéri littéraire puis azéri moderne |
| Région | Transcaucasie, Perse, Est de l'Anatolie |
| Écriture | écriture persane |
| Classification par famille | |
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Histoire modifier
Le turc agémique est issu du vieux turc anatolien et fait partie de la branche occidentale des langues oghouzes. Cette langue se distingue au XVe siècle en Azerbaïdjan, dans l'est de l'Anatolie et en Iran. Elle se développe notamment sous les dynasties turques Aq Qoyunlu (1378-1503), Qara Qoyunlu (1374-1468), et en particulier durante la période safavide (1501-1736), dont la dynastie régnante était d'origine azérie. Sous ces dynasties, le turc agémique était utilisé à la cour et dans l'armée aux côtés du persan, et faisait office de lingua franca au nord, ainsi qu'au sud de l'Iran[8]. Selon le turcologue suédois Lars Johanson, le turc agémique était également un koinè dans la région du Caucase et dans le sud-est du Daghestan, et était largement parlé à la cour et dans l'armée[précision nécessaire][9],[10],[11],[12],[13]
Références modifier
- É. Á. Csató, B. Isaksson, C Jahani. Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2004, p. 228, (ISBN 0-415-30804-6).]
- Bernt Brendemoen. The Turkish Dialects of Trabzon: Their Phonology and Historical Development (англ.). — Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2002. — Vol. I. — P. 254.
One feature characteristic especially of the Sürmene — Yomra districts is random vowel realization in the suffix class having rounded vowel, a feature we have linked to similar phenomena in Middle Ottoman transcription texts and Middle Azeri.
- Lars Johanson. Aorist and present tense in West Oghuz languages // Journal of Turkish Studies. — 1989. — No. 13. — P. 103.
In Middle Azeri, the situation is similar to that of Turkish before the development of labial harmony.
- The Modern Encyclopedia of East Slavic, Baltic, and Eurasian Literatures (англ.) / Edited by Harry Weber. — Gulf Breeze: Academic International Press, 1978. — Vol. II. — P. 13. — 246 p.
In the development of the Azerbaijani literary language there are four basic periods: (1) the period from the 13th to the 16th centuries marks the beginning of the development of Old Azerbaijani, a time when literature was also written in Persian, and when the Azerbaijani literary language had an abundance of Arabic and Persian words;
- Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. – Elsevier, 2009. – С. 110–113. – (ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7).] An Azerbaijanian koine´ functioned for centuries as a lingua franca, serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia, in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan. Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century.
- Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. (ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5).
The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
- M. Behramnejad, «Karakoyunlular, Akkoyunlular: İran ve Anadoluda Türkmen Hanedanları»,(Turco) s. 14: En raison de la domination des Turkmènes Karakoyunlu et Akkoyunlu dans la région, de nombreuses tribus turkmènes se sont installées dans la région et l'État safavide a été formé en Iran par leurs restes. Aujourd'hui, le dialecte oriental Oghuz ou turkmène appelé azerbaïdjanais, qui est utilisé dans certaines parties de l'Anatolie orientale, en particulier à Iğdır, Kars, en Iran et en Azerbaïdjan, est un héritage important qui nous est légué.
- Stein, Heidi (2014). "Ajem-Turkic". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online.
- Michel B Mazzaoui et Canfield, Robert, Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, , 86–7 p. (ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5), « Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period » :
« Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shiʻi culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh). »
- Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (ISBN 0-521-20094-6), pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
- Lars Johanson; Éva Á. Castó (1998). "14". The Turkic Languages. Routledge. pp. 248–261.
- Roger Savory (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2.
qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times
- Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran. Оригинальный текст (англ.) During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish,or,as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both at court and by the common people... Throughout the Safavid period there were two constants to Azerbaijani Turkish as a spoken language in Iran. First, it was and remained the official language of the royal court during the entire Safavid period. Second, the language remained the spoken language of the Turkic Qizilbash tribes and was also spoken in the army.
