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Modèle:Infobox person James Britt Donovan (29 février 1916 – 19 janvier 1970)[1][2] was an American lawyer, United States Navy officer, and political negotiator.

Donovan is widely known for negotiating the exchange of captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for Russian spy Rudolf Abel and the exchange of prisoners after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.

He was played by Tom Hanks in the 2015 movie Bridge of Spies.

Life and career modifier

James Britt Donovan was born on February 29, 1916, in the Bronx. He was the son of Harriet (O'Connor), a piano teacher, and John J. Donovan, a surgeon. His brother was New York state senator John J. Donovan, Jr. Both sides of the family were of Irish descent.

He attended the Catholic All Hallows Institute. In 1937 he began his studies at Fordham University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in English. He wanted to become a journalist but his father convinced him to study law at Harvard University, where he earned a bachelor of laws in 1940.

He then started to work at a lawyer's office. In 1942 he became Associate General Counsel at the Office of Scientific Research and Development. From 1943 to 1945 he was General Counsel at the Office of Strategic Services. In 1945 he became assistant to Justice Robert H. Jackson at the Nuremberg trials in Germany.[3] While he prepared for the trials he was also working as an advisor for the documentary feature The Nazi Plan. Donovan was the presenter of visual evidence at the trial.

In 1950 Donovan became a partner in New York based law office Watters and Donovan. In 1957 he defended the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel, after many other lawyers refused.[4] Donovan lost the trial, but went again before the court to argue against a possible death sentence and won. He then carried Abel's appeal all the way to the Supreme Court, where Donovan argued unsuccessfully (by 5-4 vote) that evidence used against his client had been seized by the FBI in violation of the Fourth Amendment.[5] Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren praised him and publicly expressed the "gratitude of the entire court" for his taking the case.[4] From 1961 to 1963, Donovan was Vice President of the New York Board of Education, and from 1963 until 1965 he was President.

In 1962 Donovan—who was lead negotiator—and CIA employee Milan C. Miskovsky[6] negotiated with Soviet mediators to free captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers. Donovan successfully negotiated for the exchange of Powers for the still-imprisoned Rudolf Abel, whom Donovan had defended five years earlier.[7]

The story of the Abel trial and defense, followed by the tense negotiation and thrilling prisoner exchange at the height of the Cold War, was the basis for the book Strangers on a Bridge. (Donovan's ghost writer for the project was Bard E. Lindeman, who covered the trial itself as a reporter for the New York World Telegram & Sun, and in a magazine article in the October 1960 issue of Coronet.) Several similar works would come later, but Strangers, originally published in 1964, was the definitive work and widely critically acclaimed ("enthralling ... truly remarkable", wrote the New York Times Book Review). The book ultimately became the impetus for the Spielberg movie starring Tom Hanks, Bridge of Spies. Based on the success of the movie, Strangers has gained a renewed popularity and has been re-released by Simon & Schuster.

In June 1962, Donovan was contacted by Cuban exile Pérez Cisneros, who asked him to support the negotiations to free the 1,113 prisoners of the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.[8][9] Donovan offered pro bono legal service for the Cuban Families Committee of prisoners' relatives.[9]

A few months later he traveled to Cuba for the first time. Cuba–United States relations were extremely tense after the invasion attempt. When Fidel Castro met Donovan for the first time, he was very short-spoken.[10] Donovan managed to create confidence. Castro also praised Donovan for bringing his son to Cuba.[8]

On December 21, 1962, Castro and Donovan signed an agreement to exchange all 1,113 prisoners for $53 million in food and medicine, sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions.[7] Donovan had the idea to exchange the prisoners for medicine after he had found out that the Cuban medicine didn't help him with his own bursitis.[11]

For his work, Donovan received the Distinguished Intelligence Medal. In 1962, he was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in New York, but lost to Republican incumbent Jacob K. Javits.[12] Donovan also served as the President of the New York Board of Education at the height of the civil rights era, stating he headed "a Board of Education, not a Board of Integration."

In 1964 Donovan published his first book Strangers on a Bridge, The Case of Colonel Abel, followed in 1967 by his second book, Challenges: Reflections of a Lawyer-at-Large.

In his final years, Donovan was President of Pratt Institute. He died of a heart attack on January 19, 1970 at the Methodist Hospital in New York.[13]

Donovan was married to Mary E. McKenna since 1941. The couple had a son and three daughters.[14]

In popular culture modifier

In 2006 Philip J. Bigger published Donovan's biography Negotiator: The Life and Career of James B. Donovan.

On August 4, 2015, Scribner (parent company Simon & Schuster) reissued Donovan's memoir of the Abel defense, and his negotiations for Abel's exchange with American U2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, Strangers on a Bridge.

The re-issue of Donovan's memoir coincided with the pre-release promotion for the movie Bridge of Spies, directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Matt Charman and the Coen Brothers, which was released on October 16, 2015. Tom Hanks plays the role of Donovan, with Amy Ryan as his wife Mary.[15]

James Gregory played Donovan in the 1976 TV movie Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident, based on Powers' biography (written with Curt Gentry). Lee Majors played Powers.[16]

Works modifier

  • (en) James B. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge, The Case of Colonel Abel, Atheneum, (ISBN 978-1-299-06377-8)
  • (en) James B. Donovan, Challenges: Reflections of a Lawyer-at-Large, Atheneum, (with a preface by Erwin Griswold)

Bibliography modifier

  • (en) Philip J. Bigger, NEGOTIATOR: The Life And Career of James B. Donovan, Bethlehem, Lehigh University Press, (ISBN 978-0-934-22385-0)

References modifier

  1. ↑ Donovan, James B., socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu, access date 5 June 2015
  2. ↑ Dr. James B. Donovan, 53, Dies, nytimes.com, access date 5 June 2015
  3. ↑ Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 : Prosecution Counsel, avalon.law.yale.edu, access date 5 June 2015
  4. ↑ a et b The Man Who 'Sprung' Powers in: The Milwaukee Journal, 16 February 1962, page 8
  5. ↑ « Abel v. United States (1960) », sur FindLaw, Thompson Reuters (consulté le )
  6. ↑ The People of the CIA … Milan Miskovsky: Fighting for Justice, cia.gov, access date 5 June 2015
  7. ↑ a et b Donovan, James Britt in: Encyclopedia of the Kennedys: The People and Events That Shaped America., page 193, ABC-CLIO, 2012, (ISBN 978-1-59884-538-9)
  8. ↑ a et b US-Cuban Diplomacy, 'Nation' Style, thenation.com, access dae 23 June 2015
  9. ↑ a et b FBK-Dokumentation Nr. 9 – Seite 4, fg-berlin-kuba.de, access date 23 June 2015
  10. ↑ How Metadiplomacy Works: James Donovan and Castro, cuba-l.com, access date 5 June 2015
  11. ↑ James Britt Donovan in: Der Spiegel 23/1963, pahe 82
  12. ↑ NY US Senate – November 06, 1962, ourcampaigns.com, access date 5. June 2015
  13. ↑ http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Security-CIA/CIA%200255.pdf
  14. ↑ Famed Lawyer for Spies Dead in: New Orleans States-Item, 19 January 1970
  15. ↑ Tom Hanks-Steven Spielberg Cold War Thriller Set for Oct. 16, 2015, variety.com, access date 5 June 2014
  16. ↑ Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident--IMDB

External links modifier

Voir ce modèle.
Lamartienne/Brouillon
Précédé par Suivi par
Fonctions au sein du parti
Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
1956 		Democratic Nominee for U.S. Senator from New York (Class 3)
(1962) 		Paul O'Dwyer
1968

{{Authority control}} {{Persondata |NAME = Donovan, James B. |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Donovan, James Britt |SHORT DESCRIPTION = American lawyer, Navy officer and politician |DATE OF BIRTH = February 29, 1916 |PLACE OF BIRTH = New York City |DATE OF DEATH = January 19, 1970 |PLACE OF DEATH = New York }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Donovan, James B.}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:1970 deaths]] [[Category:Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]] [[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal]] [[Category:People from the Bronx]]

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