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A propos des PàS
modifierZerzura
modifierZerzura (en arabe: زرزورة) est une ville ou oasis mythique.
La rumeur
modifierSelon la rumeur, Zerzura a existé dans le désert à l'ouest du Nil en Égypte ou Lybie. Dans Kitab al Kanuz, un manuscrit arabe datant du XIIIe siècle ou du XVe siècle les auteurs inconnus décrivent une cité qu'ils nomment L'Oasis des petits oiseaux. Un roi et une reine endormis auprès d'un trésor sont gardés par des géants noirs qui empêchent quiconque d'entre ou de sortir du site.Il convient de tenir compte de la part de légendes répandues par des tribus noires Tebu qui nomadisent dans le Tchad et en Lybie et dont les ancêtres effectuaient des razzias dans les oasis du Sahara.
Plus récemment, des explorations européennes ont recherché Zerzura dans le désert, mais sans aucun succès. Au XX, le britannique Ralph Bagnold et le hongrois László Almásy ont conduit une expédition en 1929-1930 dans une Ford T. En 1932, Almásy et Patrick Clayton découvrirent au cours d'une reconnaissance aérienne deux vallées dans le Gilf al-Kabir. L'année suivante, Almásy, encore lui, trouva un troisième oued et se considérait proche de sa quête. De son côté Bagnold admettait qu'il s'agissait d'une simple légende.
En 1930, un club Zerzura fut créé regroupant les explorateurs. Ils devinrent amis et plusieurs d'entre-eux servirent comme officiers dans l'armée britannique au cours de le Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Zerzura the white city
modifierAccording to the historical writings from the scribes of an emir in Benghazi, Libya in 1481, a camel driver named Hamid Keila came to Benghazi in bad shape and recounted to the emir that he had been to the city of Zerzura. Apparently Hamid Keila and a caravan had been heading out from the Nile River to the oases of Dakhla(Darkhla/Dakhilah) and Kharga(Kharijah) and were caught in a vicious sandstorm that killed everyone except Keila who apparently survived under the shelter of his dead camel. After the storm passed, the man had emerged from the camel to find himself confused by the lay of the land because the storm changed all the familiar landmarks. It was when Keila was becoming delirious from having no water that a group of strange men found him. The men were said to be tall with fair hair and blue eyes, carrying straight swords instead of Arab scimitars, who then took the camel driver back to a city called Zerzura to tend to him. Zerzura was indeed described as a white city that was approachable through a wadi(valley) that ran between two mountains, and from the wadi was a road that lead to the gates of the city which had a carving of a strange bird above them. Within the city were white houses of inner luxury, palms, springs, and pools that were used by fair-skinned women and children for washing and bathing. Hamid Keila recounted that the Zerzurans, or "El Suri", treated him with kindness and spoke a strange form of Arabic that was difficult for him to understand but was carefully explained to him by the Suri, who apparently weren't Muslim because the women wore no veils and no mosques could be found in the city, nor did Hamid Keila hear any calls to prayer by a muezzin.
The camel driver told this story to the emir months after being in Zerzura, and the emir asked him how it was that he came to be in Benghazi at present. Hamid grew uncomfortable with the questioning and told him that he had escaped from Zerzura one night. The emir then asked why it was necessary to escape if the Suri treated him with kindness, and the camel driver had trouble explaining. The emir suspected something strange and had Keila searched by his guards, who found a precious ruby set in a gold ring hidden on the man. The emir then asked how he got the ring, but Keila couldn't say. Figuring he'd stolen it from the Suri, the emir had Keila taken out into the desert to have his hands cut off. The emir believed the man's story because he and his men later went out into the wasteland to find Zerzura, but never did, though it is possible that the emir did not look in the right area of the desert.
According to unknown sources, the ring supposedly came into possession of Libya's King Idris, who was overthrown by in 1969 by Muammar al-Gaddafi and his Revolutionary Command Council. It is said that the ring has been studied by many experts who claim it is of great value, and it is speculated that it was crafted by Europeans in the 12th century, suggesting that the Zerzurans who had it before Hamid Keila stole it may have been the remnants of early European crusaders who got lost in the Sahara on their way to or back from Jerusalem and set up their own habitat in the desert. However, there oddly seems to be no information about the supposed ring made available by any sources, nor is there any evidence of its existence. Furthermore, because Hamid Keila was the narrator of the Zerzura tale, it is possible that he may have been the anonymous author of the Kitab al Kanuz(Book of Hidden Treasures) since his plight occurred in the 15th century, as the manuscript was also published at that time.
Books About Zerzura
modifier- Unknown Sahara (Ismeretlen Szahara) by László Almásy (Budapest, 1934) describing his expeditions in search of Zerzura. Substantially the same text appeared in Recentes Explorations dans le Desert Libyque (Cairo, 1936) and Unbekannte Sahara (Leipzig, 1939).
- The Hunt for Zerzura and World War II about members of the Zerzura Club in World War II by Saul Kelly
- The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje was loosely based on Almásy's life
- Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom has a main storyline setting on Zerzura, as the story bases on slavery, from the viewpoint of Captain Jack Sparrow.
Notes
modifierReferences
modifier- Kelly, Saul. The Lost Oasis: The Desert War and the Hunt for Zerzura. Westview Press, 2002. (ISBN 0-7195-6162-0) (HC)
- The Book of Hidden Treasures (Kitab al Kanuz)
- Sussman, Paul. The Hidden Oasis (ISBN 978-0-553-81873-4)
External links
modifier- Washington Times book review of Saul Kelly's Hunt for Zerzura
- Excerpts from the English Patient about Zerzura
- Quote from the 15th Century about Zerzura
- Saudi Aramco World Searching for Zerzura
- http://www.askwhy.co.uk/analogiesandconjectures/Zerzura01.php
- http://www.scribd.com/doc/22040577/11-2009-Never-Heard-of-Zerzura
Louvre
modifierPetit tableau
modifierAnnées | Parti | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Républicain | Démocrate | |||
XX-XX | ? | ? | ? | |
XX-XX | ? | ? | ? |
Île
modifierÎle/ Archipel | Nb d'îles | superficie (km2) | population | capitale | divers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahamas | 700 | 13 943 | 392 873 | Nassau | |
Îles Turques-et-Caïques | 30 | 948 | 51 507 | Cockburn Town | |
Cuba | 110 860 | 11 253 000 | La Havane | ||
Hispaniola | Haïti/Rép.dominicaine | 76 480 | 20 892 062 | Port-au-Prince/Saint-Domingue | |
Porto Rico | 8 870 | 3 337 177 | San Juan | Îles Vierges espagnoles | |
Jamaïque | 11 425 | 2 950 210 | Kingston | ||
Îles Caïmans | 3 | 260 | 44 270 | George Town | |
Îles Vierges britanniques | 50 | 153 | 28 054 | Road Town | |
Îles Vierges des États-Unis | 3 | 346 | 104 983 | Charlotte-Amélie | |
Anguilla | 91 | 17 087 | The Valley | ||
Saint-Martin | Fr/PB | 93 | 75 000 | Marigot /Philipsburg | pop répartie par moitié |
Saint-Barthélemy | 24 | 9 427 | Gustavia | ||
Saba | PB | 13 | 1 991 | ||
Saint-Eustache | PB | 21 | 2 886 | ||
Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès | 2 | 261 | 52 329 | Basseterre | Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis |
Montserrat | xxx | 102 | 5 164 | Plymouth | |
Antigua-et-Barbuda | 2 | 442 | 92 436 | Saint John's | |
Guadeloupe | Fr | 1 628 | 397 990 | Basse Terre | Pointe-à-Pitre/ Marie-Galante, La Désirade |
Dominique | 754 | 73 607 | Roseau | ||
Martinique | 1 128 | 380 877 | Fort-de-France | ||
Sainte-Lucie | xxx | 620 | 187 768 | Castries | |
Saint-Vincent | xxx | 346 | 108 600 | ||
Les Grenadines | 600 | 3/4 St Vincent ; 1/4 Grenade | |||
Grenade | xxx | 348 | 90 343 | St. George's | |
Barbade | xxx | 430 | 290 604 | Bridgetown | |
Trinitad | xxx | 4 748 | 1 754 897 | Port d'Espagne | |
Tobago | xxx | 300 | 54 084 | ||
Margarita | Ven. | 1 072 | 489 917 | ||
Bonaire | PB | 288 | 12 000 | ||
Curaçao | PB | 450 | 150 563 | ||
Aruba | PB | 193 | 112 162 | ||
Bermudes | xxx | 54 | 70 196 | Hamilton |
Sur la Vénus de Milo
modifier- http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1874_num_18_2_68130
- voir aussi :découverte de la Vénus de Milo (book) : mémoire de Félix Ravaisson
- http://www.swediteur.com/titre.php?id=74
- http://cycladesphotos.free.fr/images/albums/milos/Lieu%20decouverte%20venus%20de%20Milo/index.html
- http://www.histoire-pour-tous.fr/arts/2985-la-venus-de-milo.html
- http://archive.org/details/lavnusdemilore00aica
- http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1874_num_18_2_68131?luceneQuery=%2B%28authorId%3Apersee_174406+authorId%3A%22auteur+crai_5175%22%29&words=persee_174406&words=auteur%20crai_5175
- http://perso.univ-lyon2.fr/~mollon/L3-LHA/fiches_doc/VenusMilo.pdf
- http://www.laprocure.com/invention-venus-milo-recit-takis-theodoropoulos/9782848050645.html
- http://www.louvre.fr/sites/default/files/medias/medias_fichiers/fichiers/pdf/louvre-les-secrets-venus-milo.pdf
- http://www.art-objets.fr/savoir-en-savoir-plus/la-venus-de-milo,1,1,86.php
- http://culture.france2.fr/art-et-expositions/actu/la-venus-de-milo-reexposee-apres-restauration-64062981.html
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=JLhIAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=NCbAUb6eIeil0AWJ0YGACw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=H7cFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=NCbAUb6eIeil0AWJ0YGACw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=d%C3%A9couverte%20venus%20milo&f=false
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=fqoaAAAAYAAJ&q=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=NCbAUb6eIeil0AWJ0YGACw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=o76lC0Fl4xIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=NCbAUb6eIeil0AWJ0YGACw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=d%C3%A9couverte%20venus%20milo&f=false
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=XKJJAQAAIAAJ&q=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=NCbAUb6eIeil0AWJ0YGACw&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=PVJQWeNYSjIC&pg=RA3-PA3&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=jSfAUf_hEo6Y0QXwp4GoDg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=d%C3%A9couverte%20venus%20milo&f=false
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=kcPZIzkJVtsC&pg=PT108&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=GSrAUZHFB_Op0AWohoHgCw&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBDgU
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=KmMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA298&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=8irAUaSfK-fA0QXKm4GYCw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=d%C3%A9couverte%20venus%20milo&f=false
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=60AuAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA455-IA7&dq=d%C3%A9couverte+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=8irAUaSfK-fA0QXKm4GYCw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=d%C3%A9couverte%20venus%20milo&f=false
- http://books.google.fr/books?id=JLhIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20&dq=bras+venus+milo&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=zizAUYyDA7P40gWQiYGACw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=bras%20venus%20milo&f=false