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Khanat dzoungar :

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• (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Crimean Khanate » (voir la liste des auteurs).

ref anglaise (en)

Edit Page Le Khanat Dzougar

Dzoungars
Khanat dzoungar
Зүүн гарын хаант улс

XVIIe siècle – 1756

L’empire dzoungar (1750) (en ligne bleue)

Informations générales

Statut	Monarchie
Capitale	à Ghulja.
Langue(s)	Oïrate
Religion	Bouddhisme

Histoire et événements

1619	Le premier rapport russe de Khara Khula
1678	Galdan reçoit le titre de Boshogtu khan du 5e Dalai Lama
1688	Invasion dzoungare des Khalkhas
1755	L'armée Qing occupe la Dzoungarie

Khan ou Khong Tayiji

	Khara Khula
	Erdeni Batur
	Galdan
	Dawaachi

Entités précédentes :

• Quatre Oirats

Entités suivantes :

• Dynastie Qing

Le Khanat Dzoungar (Зүүн гарын хаант улс) fut le dernier grand état nomade indépendant de la steppe eurasienne. Il couvrait la zone appelée Dzoungarie et s'étirait depuis la limite ouest de la Grande Muraille de Chine jusqu'à l'est de l'actuel Kazakhstan, et du nord de l'actuel Kirghizistan au sud de la Sibérie (L'essentiel de cette zone est aujourd'hui inclue dans le Xinjiang).

En 1678 Galdan reçut du Dalai Lama le titre de Boshogtu Khan. Ceci confirmait les Dzoungars dans leur rôle de nouvelle tribu dirigeante des Oirats. Toutefois les dirigeants Dzougars portaient le titre de Khong Tayiji (signifiant originellement prince royal) alors que leur état était souvent appelé Khanat Dzoungar. Après la mort de Galdan Boshogtu Khan et de Tsewang Rabtan, la principauté Dzougare entama son déclin puis elle fut annéxée dans le sang par la dynastie Qing en 1756-59.

Étymologie

Le mot "Dzoungar" est composé de Züün, signifiant "gauche" ou "Est" et gar signifiant "main" ou "aile" (En Mongol, "gauche" veut dire "est" et "droite" veut dire "ouest"). La région de Dzoungarie tiens son nom de cette confédération. En dépit du fait que les Dzougars étaient situés à l'ouest des mongols orientaux, l'origine de leur nom est attribuée au fait qu'ils représentaient l'aile gauche des Oirats.

Histoire

Grandes lignes

L'importance historique du Khanat Dzougar est lié à la fois au fait qu'il fut le dernier empire nomade des steppes ainsi qu'à son influence sur l'expansion de la Chine vers l'ouest. Vers 1620 les Oirats ou Mongols orientaux s'unirent en Dzoungarie. Vers 1680 ils avaient conquis le Bassin du Tarim au sud. En 1688 Galdan défit les Khalkhas ou Mongols orientaux, nombre d'entre-eux fuirent au sud-est, en Mongolie-Intérieure où ils devinrent des sujets chinois. En 1696 les chinois battirent Galdan près de Oulan-Bator, le pourchassèrent vers l'ouest et prirent le contrôle de la Mongolie extérieure. En 1717 Tsewang Rabtan envoya une armée au Tibet. Les chinois expulsèrent les Dzoungars et établirent un protectorat sur le Tibet. En 1750-57 les Chinois profitèrent d'une guerre civile dzougare pour conquérir la Dzoungarie et tuer une grande partie de la population. Les chinois conquirent aussi le bassin du Tarim, au sud, en 1759, atteignant ainsi l'actuelle frontière occidentale de la Chine.

Origine

Les chefs des Dzoungars étaient du clan Choro et prétendaient descendre des Oirats taishis Toghoon (mort en 1438) et Esen Tayisi (entre 1438-54). Au début du XVII^e siècle, un jeune leader nommé Khara Khula unifia les Oirats pour combattre Sholui Ubashi Khong Tayiji, le premier Altan Khan des Khalkhas, qui quelques années auparavant avait expulsé les Oirats de leurs terres dans la région de Kobdo (nord-ouest de l'actuelle Mongolie). Au début de son règne, Khara Kula unifia les Choros, les tribus Dorbod et Khoid, formant ainsi la nation Dzoungare. Dans les guerres des années 1620 contre les Khalkhas, il obtint des victoires décisives contre les mongols orientaux. Le territoire Oirat était sous la domination de Jasaghtu Khan des Khalkhas. En 1623 la confederation Oïrat tua Ubashi Khong Tayiji, et assura leur indépendence. A ce moment, seul Torobaikhu, un chef de la tribu Khoshud pouvait réclamer le titre de Khan alors que Baatur Dalai Taishi des Dorbods était considéré comme le chef Oïrat le plus puissant. Malgré cela, le fils de Khara Khula, Baatur Khung Taiji (mort en 1653) se joignit à l'expédition de 1636-42 au Tibet menée par Gushi Khan Torobaikhu. Aprés le retour de Baatur en Dzoungarie avec le titre d'Erdeni (donné par le Dalai Lama) et un important butin, il mena trois expéditions contre les Kazakhs. Avec les migrations des Torghuds, des Khoshuds et des Dorbods de 1630 à 1677, le pouvoir des Dzoungars s'accrut.

En 1653 Sengge succéda à son père Baatur Khung Taiji comme chef Dzoungar, mais un affrontement interne avec son demi-frère Chechen Tayiji mobilisa la tribu Khoshuud. A partir de 1657, les fils d'Amin-Dara Sengge et Galdan subirent la désaffection de leurs demis-frères. Grâce au soutie d'Ochirtu Khan des Khoshuud, cet affrontement s'acheva sur la victoire de Sengge en 1661. En 1667 il captura Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji, le troisième et dernier Altan Khan. Malgrè cela il fut lui-même assassiné par ses demi-frères Chechen Tayiji et Zotov lors d'un coup d'État en 1670.

Le frère cadet de Sengge, Galdan, revint immédiatement du Tibet pour reprendre une vie laïque et se venger de Chechen. En tant que prêtre bouddhiste, Galdan se rendit au Tibet à l'age de treize ans et fut entrainé sous le quatrième Panchen Lama et le cinquième Dalaï Lama. Allié avec Ochirtu Sechen des Khoshuud, Galdan défit Chechen, et chassa Zotov de Dzoungarie. Malgré ça les deux fils de Sengge, Sonom Rabdan et Tsewang Rabtan se révoltèrent contre lui, il réussit aussi à les vaincre. En 1671 le Dalaï Lama offrit le titre de Khan à Galdan. Étant marié à Anu-Dara, grand-mère d'Ochirtu, il fut en conflit avec son petit-fils par alliance. Craignant la popularité de Galdan, Ochirtu soutenait son oncle et rival Choqur Ubashi qui refusait de reconnaitre Galdan. La victoire sur Ochirtu en 1677 lui conféra l'hégémonie sur les Oirats. Au cours des années suivantes le Dalaï Lama lui donna le titre le plus élevé de Boshoghtu (ou Boshughtu) Khan, Galdan put ainsi unifier tous les Oirats en Dzoungarie et Mongolie occidentale.

Conquête du bassin du Tarim et guerre avec l'Asie centrale

Imams Naqshbandi Sufi a remplacé les Khans Chagatayid au début du 17e siècle. Ils ont vaincu la Montagne Blanche. Le chef en exil Afaq de la Montagne Blanche a demandé au Dalaï Lama pour une assistance militaire en 1677. À la demande de ce dernier, Galdan renversé le Naqshbandu Black Mountain et installé Afaq que son maître client là-bas. Galdan décrété que la Turkestanais serait jugé par leur propre loi, sauf dans les cas concernant l'Empire Zunghar. Le Zunghars gardé le contrôle sur le bassin du Tarim jusqu'en 1757.

En 1680, le Black Khirgizs attaqué et occupé Moghulistan Yarkent comté | Yarkend. Les habitants de Yarkend appel à Galdan Khan de l'aide. Le Zunghars conquis Kashgar et Yarkend et Galdan avait son chef choisi par ses habitants. Puis il a envahi le nord de la montagne en Tengeri modernes Kazakhstan l'année prochaine, mais a omis de prendre la ville Sairam. Finalement, il pourrait conquérir Turfan et Hami l'année prochaine. Dans les armées 1683 Galdan en vertu Tsewen Rabtan atteint Tachkent et le Syr-Daria et écrasé deux armées des Kazakhs. Après que Galdan subjugué les Khirgizs noir et ravagé la vallée de Fergana.

Buddha images and Tibetan mantra on rocks near Almaty

Naqshbandi Sufi Imams had replaced the Chagatayid Khans in the early 17th century. They defeated the White Mountain. The exiled ruler Afaq of the White Mountain asked the Dalai Lama for military assistance in 1677. By the request of the latter, Galdan overthrew the Naqshbandu Black Mountain and installed Afaq as his client ruler there. Galdan decreed that the Turkestanis would be judged by their own law except in cases affecting the Zunghar Empire. The Zunghars kept control over the Tarim Basin until 1757.

In 1680 the Black Khirgizs raided Moghulistan and occupied Yarkend. The inhabitants of Yarkend appealed to Galdan Khan for help. The Zunghars conquered Kashgar and Yarkend; and Galdan had its ruler chosen by its inhabitants. Then he invaded the north of Tengeri Mountain in modern Kazakhstan the next year; but failed to take Sairam city. Eventually, he could conquer Turfan and Hami the next year. In 1683 Galdan's armies under Tsewen Rabtan reached Tashkent and the Syr Darya and crushed two armies of the Kazakhs. After that Galdan subjugated the Black Khirgizs and ravaged the Fergana valley.

From 1685 Galdan's forces aggressively pushed the Kazakhs. While his general Rabtan took Taraz city, and his main force forced the Kazakhs to immigrate westwards. In 1698 Galdan's successor Tsewen Rabtan reached Tengiz lake and Turkestan, and the Zunghars controlled Zhei-Su Tashkent until 1745.

Rivalry with Khalkha

At first the Khalkhas and Oirats were in league, bound by the provisions of the Mongol-Oirat code. In order to cement this union, Galdan attempted to ally with Zasaghtu Khan Shira who lost part of his subjects to Tushiyetu Khan Chakhundorji, and moved his ordo near the Altai Range. Tushiyetu Khan attacked the right wing of the Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against the Tushiyetu Khan the next year, but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav was killed in the ensuing battle. Chakhundorji murdered Degdeehei Mergen Ahai of the Zasaghtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. The Qing court intervened and called off the Mongolian aristocrats to assemble a conference.

To avenge the death of his brother and expand his influence over other Mongol areas, Galdan strategically prepared for a war with Khalkha. Galdan established a friendly relationship with Russians who were at war with Tushiyetu Khan over territories near Lake Baikal in northern Khalkha. Bonded by a common interest in defeating Khalkha, both Galdan and the Russians simultaneously attacked Khalkha and conquered most of the territories of Khalkha. Armed with superior firearms bought from Russians, Galdan attacked the land of the late Zasaghtu Khan, and advanced to the dominion of Chakhundorji. Russian Cossacks meanwhile attacked and defeated Khalkha's contingent of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Zunghars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chakhundorji and his son Galdandorji fled to the Ongi River.

The Zunghars occupied the Khalkha homeland, and forced Jibzundamba Zanabazar to flee. The Qing court strengthened its northern border garrisons, and advised the Khalkhas to resist Galdan. After being reinforced by fresh troops, the Tushiyetu Khan Chakhundorji counterattacked the Zunghars, and fought with them near Olgoi Lake on August 3rd, 1688. The Oirats won after a 3-day battle. Galdan's conquest of Khalkha Mongolia drove the Khalkhas into the arms of the Qing Dynasty. In September Zanabazar and Chakhundorji decided to submit to the Qing Emperor.

The first Oirat-Manchu war

By his victory in 1688 Galdan had driven the Khalkas into the arms of the Chinese and made himself a military threat to the Manchus. Unfortunately for Galdan, the Kangxi Emperor was unusually vigorous and warlike. In 1690 the Manchus and Zunghars fought a stalemate battle and Galdan withdrew to the north. (The battle was fought at Ulan Butong 350 kilometers directly north of Peking near the western headwaters of the Liao River at the southern end of the Greater Khingan Mountains). The problem with all of these nomad wars was that the Chinese could not maintain a permanent army on the steppe. If the Chinese sent an army the nomads would flee and come back when the Chinese ran out of supplies. In 1696 Galdan was on the upper Kerulen River east of Ulan Bator about 700km northwest of Peking. Kangxi's plan was to personally lead an army northwest to Galdan while sending a second army north from the Ordos Region to block his escape. Kangxi reached the Kerulen, found Galdan gone and was forced to turn back due to lack of supplies. On the same day that Kangxi turned back (June 12) Galdan blundered into the western army and was disastrously defeated at Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River east of Ulan Bator. Galdan's wife was killed and the Manchus captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with 40 or 50 men. He gathered a few thousand followers who later deserted due to hunger. In 1697 he was in the Altai Mountains near Kobdo with 300 men when he died suddenly under mysterious circumstances (April 4,1697). He was followed by Tsewang Rabtan.

Intervention in Tibet

The Zunghar and Kalmyk states (a fragment of the map of Russian Empire of Peter The Great, that was created by a Sweden soldier in c.1725).

The Zunghars invaded Tibet - which was then dominated by the Khoshuud, another Oirad tribe - in 1717, deposed and killed a pretender to the position of the Dalai Lama (who had been promoted by Lhabzang, the titular King of Tibet), which met with widespread approval. The Fifth Dalai Lama encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the Mongols. The Zunghars soon began to loot the holy places of Lhasa which brought a swift response from Emperor Kangxi in 1718, but his military expedition was annihilated by the Zunghars not far from Lhasa.

Many Nyingmapa and Bonpos were executed and Tibetans visiting Zunghar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Zunghars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras. This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times.

A second, larger, expedition sent by Emperor Kangxi expelled Tsewang Rabtan's force from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought Kälzang Gyatso with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the seventh Dalai Lama in 1721.

Fall

At the death of Galdan Tseren in 1745 the Zunghars appeared still strong. However, the sudden collapse of the Khanate stemmed from Galdan Tseren's sons. In 1749 Galden Tseren's son Lamdarjaa seized the throne from his younger brother. He was overthrown by his cousin Dawaachi and the Khoid noble Amursanaa. But they began to fight each other for succession. In 1753 Dawaachi's 3 relatives ruling the Dorbod surrendered to the Qing, and Amursanaa followed. In spring 1755, the Qing Dynasty attacked Ghulja, and captured the Zunghar khan. Over the next two years, the Manchu and Mongol armies of the Qing Dynasty destroyed the remnants of the Zunghar khanate. Their last leader, Prince Amursanaa revolted against the Qing, and fled north to seek refuge with the Russians. (Amursanna died there of smallpox. In the spring of 1762 his frozen body was brought to Kyakhta for the Chinese to see. The Russians then buried it, refusing the Chinese request that it be handed over for posthumous punishment.) To commemorate his military victory, Qianlong established the Puning Temple Complex of Chengde in 1755.

Genocide

Qianlong emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers. Qing officials wrote about 30-50% of the Dzungar people were massacred, 30-40% killed by smallpox, and 20-30% ran to Russia or Kazakh. and no people in the several thousands li area. Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 800,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong. Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars, Mark Levene, a historian who specializes in the study of genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."

The Manchus filled in the depopulated area with immigrants from many parts of their empire, but a century later the Muslim Rebellion ravaged the same region. The surviving Zunghars were renamed Ööled (Öölöd).

Notes et références

Catégorie:Gouvernement Catégorie:Ancien pays

Zunghar Khanate (Зүүн гарын хаант улс) was the last great independent nomadic power on the steppe. It covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia (most of this area is part of Xinjiang nowadays).

In 1678 Galdan received from the Dalai Lama the title Boshogtu Khan. This confirmed the Zunghars as the new leading tribe of the Oirats. However, the Zunghar rulers bore title of Khong Tayiji (originally meaning crown prince) while their state was often called Zunghar Khanate. After deaths of Galdan Boshogtu Khan and Tsewang Rabtan, the Zunghar principality began to decline; and was bloodily annexed by the Qing Dynasty in 1756-59.

Etymology

The word "Dzungar" is a compound of Züün, meaning "left" or "east" and gar meaning "hand" or "wing". (In the Mongolian language, "left" means "east" and "right" means "west") The region of Dzungaria derives its name from this confederation. Although the Dzungars were located west of the Eastern Mongols, the derivation of their name has been attributed to the fact that they represented the left wing of the Oirats.

History

Outline

The Zunghar Khanate is memorable because it was the last of the steppe nomadic empires and because of its influence on the westward expansion of China. About 1620 the Oirats or western Mongols became united in Dzungaria. By about 1680 they had conquered the Tarim Basin to the south. In 1688 Galdan defeated the Khalkhas or eastern Mongols, many of whom fled southeast to Inner Mongolia where they became and remained Chinese subjects. In 1696 the Chinese defeated Galdan near Ulan Bator, chased him westward and gained control over Outer Mongolia. In 1717 Tsewang Rabtan sent an army to Tibet. The Chinese drove the Dzunghars out and established a protectorate over Tibet. In 1750-57 the Chinese took advantage of a Zunghar civil war to conquer Dzungaria and killed a large part of the population. The Chinese turned south and annexed the Tarim Basin by 1759, thus completing the current western border of China.

Origin

The chiefs of the Zunghars were of the Choros lineage and reckoned their descent from the Oirat taishis Toghoon (d.1438) and Esen (r.1438-54). At the beginning of the 17th century, a young leader named Khara Khula emerged to unite the Oirats to fight Sholui Ubashi Khong Tayiji, the first Altan Khan of the Khalkha, who few years earlier expelled the Oirats from their home in the Kobdo region in present-day northwest Mongolia. Early in his reign, Khara Kula united the Choros, Dorbod and Khoid tribes, thus forming the Dzungar nation. In the 1620s wars against the Khalkha, he could gain decisive victory over the Eastern Mongols. The Oirats homeland was under the dominion of Jasaghtu Khan of the Khalkha. In 1623 the Oirat confederation killed Ubashi Khong Tayiji, and secured their independence. At the time, only Torobaikhu, a leader of the Khoshud tribe could claim the title of Khan while Baatur Dalai Taishi of the Dorbods was considered the most powerful Oirat chief. Even so, Khara Khula's son Baatur Khung Taiji (d.1653) joined the 1636-42 expedition to Tibet led by Gushi Khan Torobaikhu. After Baatur returned to Dzungaria with the title Erdeni (given by Dalai Lama) and much booty, he made three expeditions against the Kazakhs. With the migrations of the Torghuds, the Khoshuds and the Dorbods from 1630 to 1677, the Zunghars' relative power was increased in Zungaria.

In 1653 Sengge succeeded his father Baatur Khung Taiji as Zungharian chief, but an internal strife with his half brother Chechen Tayiji involved the Khoshuud. From 1657 on, Amin-Dara's sons Sengge and Galdan faced disafection from their half-brothers. With the support of Ochirtu Khan of the Khoshuud, this strife ended with Sengge's victory in 1661. In 1667 he captured Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji, the third and last Altan Khan. However, he himself was assassinated by his half brothers Chechen Tayiji and Zotov in a coup in 1670.

Sengge's younger brother Galdan immediately returned from Tibet to lay life and took revenge on Chechen. As a Buddhist priest, Galdan had been to Tibet at the age of thirteen and had trained under the fourth Panchen Lama and then the Fifth Dalai Lama. Allied with Ochirtu Sechen of the Khoshuud, Galdan defeated Chechen, and drove Zotov out of Zungaria. However, Sengge's two sons Sonom Rabdan and Tsewang Rabtan revolted against him, but they were also crushed in the end. In 1671 The Dalai Lama bestowed the title of Khan on Galdan. Although, already married Anu-Dara, granddaughter of Ochirtu, he came into conflict with his grandfather in law. Fearing of Galdan's popularity, Ochirtu supported his uncle and rival Choqur Ubashi who refused to recognize Galdan's title. The victory over Ochirtu in 1677 resulted in the establishment of hegemony over the Oirats. In the next year the Dalai Lama gave the highest title of Boshoghtu (or Boshughtu) Khan to him, Galdan thus united the entire Oirats in Zungaria and Western Mongolia.

Conquest of the Tarim Basin and war with the Central Asians

Buddha images and Tibetan mantra on rocks near Almaty

Naqshbandi Sufi Imams had replaced the Chagatayid Khans in the early 17th century. They defeated the White Mountain. The exiled ruler Afaq of the White Mountain asked the Dalai Lama for military assistance in 1677. By the request of the latter, Galdan overthrew the Naqshbandu Black Mountain and installed Afaq as his client ruler there. Galdan decreed that the Turkestanis would be judged by their own law except in cases affecting the Zunghar Empire. The Zunghars kept control over the Tarim Basin until 1757.

In 1680 the Black Khirgizs raided Moghulistan and occupied Yarkend. The inhabitants of Yarkend appealed to Galdan Khan for help. The Zunghars conquered Kashgar and Yarkend; and Galdan had its ruler chosen by its inhabitants. Then he invaded the north of Tengeri Mountain in modern Kazakhstan the next year; but failed to take Sairam city. Eventually, he could conquer Turfan and Hami the next year. In 1683 Galdan's armies under Tsewen Rabtan reached Tashkent and the Syr Darya and crushed two armies of the Kazakhs. After that Galdan subjugated the Black Khirgizs and ravaged the Fergana valley.

From 1685 Galdan's forces aggressively pushed the Kazakhs. While his general Rabtan took Taraz city, and his main force forced the Kazakhs to immigrate westwards. In 1698 Galdan's successor Tsewen Rabtan reached Tengiz lake and Turkestan, and the Zunghars controlled Zhei-Su Tashkent until 1745.

Rivalry with Khalkha

At first the Khalkhas and Oirats were in league, bound by the provisions of the Mongol-Oirat code. In order to cement this union, Galdan attempted to ally with Zasaghtu Khan Shira who lost part of his subjects to Tushiyetu Khan Chakhundorji, and moved his ordo near the Altai Range. Tushiyetu Khan attacked the right wing of the Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against the Tushiyetu Khan the next year, but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav was killed in the ensuing battle. Chakhundorji murdered Degdeehei Mergen Ahai of the Zasaghtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. The Qing court intervened and called off the Mongolian aristocrats to assemble a conference.

To avenge the death of his brother and expand his influence over other Mongol areas, Galdan strategically prepared for a war with Khalkha. Galdan established a friendly relationship with Russians who were at war with Tushiyetu Khan over territories near Lake Baikal in northern Khalkha. Bonded by a common interest in defeating Khalkha, both Galdan and the Russians simultaneously attacked Khalkha and conquered most of the territories of Khalkha. Armed with superior firearms bought from Russians, Galdan attacked the land of the late Zasaghtu Khan, and advanced to the dominion of Chakhundorji. Russian Cossacks meanwhile attacked and defeated Khalkha's contingent of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Zunghars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chakhundorji and his son Galdandorji fled to the Ongi River.

The Zunghars occupied the Khalkha homeland, and forced Jibzundamba Zanabazar to flee. The Qing court strengthened its northern border garrisons, and advised the Khalkhas to resist Galdan. After being reinforced by fresh troops, the Tushiyetu Khan Chakhundorji counterattacked the Zunghars, and fought with them near Olgoi Lake on August 3rd, 1688. The Oirats won after a 3-day battle. Galdan's conquest of Khalkha Mongolia drove the Khalkhas into the arms of the Qing Dynasty. In September Zanabazar and Chakhundorji decided to submit to the Qing Emperor.

The first Oirat-Manchu war

By his victory in 1688 Galdan had driven the Khalkas into the arms of the Chinese and made himself a military threat to the Manchus. Unfortunately for Galdan, the Kangxi Emperor was unusually vigorous and warlike. In 1690 the Manchus and Zunghars fought a stalemate battle and Galdan withdrew to the north. (The battle was fought at Ulan Butong 350 kilometers directly north of Peking near the western headwaters of the Liao River at the southern end of the Greater Khingan Mountains). The problem with all of these nomad wars was that the Chinese could not maintain a permanent army on the steppe. If the Chinese sent an army the nomads would flee and come back when the Chinese ran out of supplies. In 1696 Galdan was on the upper Kerulen River east of Ulan Bator about 700km northwest of Peking. Kangxi's plan was to personally lead an army northwest to Galdan while sending a second army north from the Ordos Region to block his escape. Kangxi reached the Kerulen, found Galdan gone and was forced to turn back due to lack of supplies. On the same day that Kangxi turned back (June 12) Galdan blundered into the western army and was disastrously defeated at Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River east of Ulan Bator. Galdan's wife was killed and the Manchus captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with 40 or 50 men. He gathered a few thousand followers who later deserted due to hunger. In 1697 he was in the Altai Mountains near Kobdo with 300 men when he died suddenly under mysterious circumstances (April 4,1697). He was followed by Tsewang Rabtan.

Intervention in Tibet

The Zunghar and Kalmyk states (a fragment of the map of Russian Empire of Peter The Great, that was created by a Sweden soldier in c.1725).

The Zunghars invaded Tibet - which was then dominated by the Khoshuud, another Oirad tribe - in 1717, deposed and killed a pretender to the position of the Dalai Lama (who had been promoted by Lhabzang, the titular King of Tibet), which met with widespread approval. The Fifth Dalai Lama encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the Mongols. The Zunghars soon began to loot the holy places of Lhasa which brought a swift response from Emperor Kangxi in 1718, but his military expedition was annihilated by the Zunghars not far from Lhasa.

Many Nyingmapa and Bonpos were executed and Tibetans visiting Zunghar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Zunghars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras. This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times.

A second, larger, expedition sent by Emperor Kangxi expelled Tsewang Rabtan's force from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought Kälzang Gyatso with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the seventh Dalai Lama in 1721.

Fall

At the death of Galdan Tseren in 1745 the Zunghars appeared still strong. However, the sudden collapse of the Khanate stemmed from Galdan Tseren's sons. In 1749 Galden Tseren's son Lamdarjaa seized the throne from his younger brother. He was overthrown by his cousin Dawaachi and the Khoid noble Amursanaa. But they began to fight each other for succession. In 1753 Dawaachi's 3 relatives ruling the Dorbod surrendered to the Qing, and Amursanaa followed. In spring 1755, the Qing Dynasty attacked Ghulja, and captured the Zunghar khan. Over the next two years, the Manchu and Mongol armies of the Qing Dynasty destroyed the remnants of the Zunghar khanate. Their last leader, Prince Amursanaa revolted against the Qing, and fled north to seek refuge with the Russians. (Amursanna died there of smallpox. In the spring of 1762 his frozen body was brought to Kyakhta for the Chinese to see. The Russians then buried it, refusing the Chinese request that it be handed over for posthumous punishment.) To commemorate his military victory, Qianlong established the Puning Temple Complex of Chengde in 1755.

Genocide

Qianlong emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers. Qing officials wrote about 30-50% of the Dzungar people were massacred, 30-40% killed by smallpox, and 20-30% ran to Russia or Kazakh. and no people in the several thousands li area. Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 800,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong. Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars, Mark Levene, a historian who specializes in the study of genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."

The Manchus filled in the depopulated area with immigrants from many parts of their empire, but a century later the Muslim Rebellion ravaged the same region. The surviving Zunghars were renamed Ööled (Öölöd).

Leaders of the Dzungar Khanate

• Khara Khula, title: Khong Tayiji
• Erdeni Batur, title: Khong Tayiji
• Sengge, title: Khong Tayiji
• Galdan, titles: Khong Tayiji, Boshogtu Khan
• Tsewang Rabtan, title: Khong Tayiji
• Galdan Tseren, title: Khan
• Tsewang Dorji Namjal, title: Khong Tayiji
• Lamadarjaa, title: Khong Tayiji
• Dawaachi, title: Khong Tayiji

See also

• Dzungar people
• Dzungaria
• Choros

References

• Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

divers

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_teutonique

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_II_d%27Angleterre

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_le_bel

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_VI_de_Danemark

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_de_Su%C3%A8de

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lizabeth_Ryksa

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslas_II_de_Boh%C3%AAme_%28roi%29

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_VII_du_Saint-Empire

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphe_III_de_Habsbourg

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_de_Hainaut

Astronomie

Sociétés

EADS Astrium

Starsem

Arianespace

Eurockot

Missions actuelles

Les Satellites

CoRoT

Les sondes

Parmi les missions actuelles, le plus grand nombre sont des sondes spatiales

• la sonde New Horizons lancée le 16 janvier 2006 par la NASA est une mission ambitieuse destinée à survoler Pluton et son satellite Charon en juillet 2015 puis à poursuivre son voyage vers la ceinture de Kuiper.

• La sonde Hayabusa (faucon) a fini d'étudier l'astéroïde Itokawa et devrait revenir sur Terre durant l'été 2010.

(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 25143 dans la JPL Small-Body Database.

• La sonde Rosetta lancée le 2 mars 2004 par une Ariane 5 G+ a pour objectif d'étudier la Comète Churyumov-Gerasimenko, par une mission d'observation de 18 mois, mais aussi et surtout en lâchant un atterrisseur devant se poser à la surface du noyau. Au cours de son voyage jusqu'à Churyumov-Gerasimenko, elle devrait également étudier les astéroïdes (2867) Šteins et 21 Lutetia (*(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 21 dans la JPL Small-Body Database.).

• La sonde Venus Express lancée le 9 novembre 2005 à 3H33 depuis Baikonour à l'aide d'une fusée russe Soyouz-Fregat pour objectif d'étudier la planète Vénus et son atmosphère. Son voyage dans l'espace dura 153 jours. Une fois capturée par la gravité vénusienne, Venus Express pris cinq jours pour manœuvrer vers son orbite opérationnelle, faisant une boucle au dessus des pôles de la planète. À son plus proche, elle atteignit une altitude de 250 kilomètres et à son plus loin, elle sera à 66 000 kilomètres de la planète. La mission devrait durer deux jours vénusiens, soit environ 500 jours terrestres.

• Située au point de Lagrange L₁ du système Soleil-Terre, à 1,5 million de kilomètres de la Terre, la sonde SoHO a permis de comprendre la structure interne du Soleil, son atmosphère externe et l'origine du vent solaire.

• NEAR Shoemaker

Missions du JPL

Voici une liste des plus célèbres missions auxquelles a participé le JPL :

• Programme Explorer
• Programme Mariner
• Sondes Pioneer
• Programme Viking
• Sondes Voyager
• Sonde Magellan
• Sonde Galileo
• Sondes Deep Space, dont Deep Space 1
• Mars Global Surveyor
• Sonde Cassini-Huygens
• Sonde Stardust
• Mars Odyssey
• Mars Pathfinder
• Mars Exploration Rover
• Télescope spatial Spitzer

Astéroïdes

Articles généraux

Les astéroïdes, qui étaient 171 475 à être numérotés (dont 14 226 nommés) le 24-11-07, sont essentiellement recherchés par des automates comme dans le cadre du "Programme LINEAR"

Classifications

Comètes

Les astéroides cométaires

Par type spectral

• Voir la classification spectrale des astéroïdes

géographique

• Les vulcanoïdes n'existent sans doute pas.

• Les plus proches du soleil croisent (presque) tous l'orbite de la terre : Il s'agit des astéroïdes géocroiseurs.

Ils se décomposent essentiellement en trois groupes :

- Les Atens,

Les deux seuls apohèles connus en 2005 : 2003 CP₂₀ et 2004 JG₆ ont leur aphélie à l'intérieur de l'orbite de la Terre. On en dénombre 11 au 30 novembre 2007.

Le plus petit demi-grand axe est celui de (66391) 1999 KW₄ avec 0,642 ua (son excentricité de 0,688 l'amène au périhélie à 0,200 ua du Soleil, bien en deçà de l'orbite de Mercure, pour un aphélie de 1,084 ua). Il est cependant possible que le demi-grand axe de 2004 JG₆ soit encore plus petit.

(en) Liste des Aten, sur le site du Minor Planet Center

- les Apollos

(en) Liste des Apollos, sur le site du Minor Planet Center

- et les Amors.

(en) Liste des Amor, sur le site du Minor Planet Center

• La ceinture principale ou « jovio-martienne », entre les orbites de Mars et Jupiter, distante environ de deux à quatre unités astronomiques du Soleil, est le principal groupement.: plus de 20 000 objets y ont été répertoriés à ce jour.

L'influence du champ gravitationnel de Jupiter est à l'origine des lacunes de Kirkwood qui sont des orbites vidées par le phénomène de résonance orbitale.

• Les astéroïdes troyens sont situés aux points de Lagrange, L₄ et L₅ de l'orbite d'une planète, généralement Jupiter (Mars et Neptune en ont quelques-uns).

• les centaures

• Un damocloïde est un astéroïde tel (5335) Damoclès ou 1996 PW qui possède une orbite à longue période et haute excentricité typique d'une comète périodique telle 1P/Halley, mais qui ne montre pas de chevelure ou de queue.

• La ceinture de Kuiper

objets épars Sedna (148209) 2000 CR₁₀₅

• Le nuage d'Oort

Images

Quelques vues

L'astéroïde (2685) Masursky vu par Cassini	Astéroïde Éros survolé par la sonde NEAR Shoemaker, le 19 septembre 2000.

Liste

Liste des astéroïdes

25143	Ceinture principale	(25143)Itokawa	(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 25143 dans la JPL Small-Body Database.

• (99942) Apophis
• 951 Gaspra
• 243 Ida
• 433 Éros
• (8405) Asbolus
• (10370) Hylonome
• (60558) Echeclus
• (83982) Crantor

Centaures : (2060) Chiron *(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 2060 dans la JPL Small-Body Database., (5145) Pholus *(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 5145 dans la JPL Small-Body Database. et (7066) Nessus *(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 7066 dans la JPL Small-Body Database., (10199) Chariklo *(en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 10199 dans la JPL Small-Body Database..

Numéro	Nom	Diamètre (km)	Date de découverte	Commentaire
87	Sylvia	260,9	16 mai 1866	Premier système triple d'astéroïdes
243	Ida	56×24×21	29 septembre 1884	Visité par Galileo
	S/1993 (243) 1 Dactyl	1,4	28 août 1993	Lune d'Ida
253	Mathilde	66×48×46	12 novembre 1885	Visité par NEAR Shoemaker
433	Éros	13×13×33	13 août 1898	Visité par NEAR Shoemaker
624	Hector	105	10 février 1907	Plus grand astéroïde troyen Jovien découvert
951	Gaspra	19×12×11	30 juillet 1916	Visité par Galileo
2060	Chiron	200	18 octobre 1977	1er Centaure découvert
3753	Cruithne	5	10 octobre 1986	Orbite particulière co-orbitale avec la Terre
4179	Toutatis	4,5×2,4×1,9	4 janvier 1989	Croisa de près la Terre en 2004
4769	Castalia	1,8×0,8	9 août 1989	Premier astéroïde dont on a eu une image radar
5261	Eurêka		20 juin 1990	Premier astéroïde Troyen martien découvert (point L5)

Projections

Carrément mieux que Cid Meier's : La colonisation de l'espace

• Sphère de Bernal
• Tore de Stanford
• Cylindre O'Neill

JPL

aperçu de l'orbite pour les objets du système solaire

• (en) Caractéristiques et simulation d'orbite de 1 dans la JPL Small-Body Database.

Systèmes Stellaires Proches

Les 50 systèmes stellaires les plus proches sont situès à moins de 5 Parsecs (16,32 AL). Parmi eux, seuls 8 systèmes ne sont pas constitués uniquement de naines rouges, brunes ou blanches.

#	Nom		Type	m	M	AD	Déc	Parallaxe (arcsec)	Distance (AL)
	Système	Étoile
1	Alpha Centauri	Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)	M5.5Ve	11,01	15,53	14h 29m 43s	−62° 40′ 46″	0,768 9(0 3)	4,2420(16)
		Alpha Centauri A	G2V	−0,01	4,38	14h 39m 37s	−60° 50′ 02″	0,747 2(1 2)	4,3649(69)
		Alpha Centauri B (HD 128621)	K0V	1,35	5,71	14h 39m 35s	−60° 50′ 14″
5	Sirius	Sirius A (α Canis Majoris)	A1V	−1,47	1,48	06h 45m 09s	−16° 42′ 58″	0,380 0(1 3)	8,5826(290)
		Sirius B	DA2	8,44	11,34
9	Epsilon Eridani (BD-09°697)		K2V	3,73	6,19	03h 32m 56s	−09° 27′ 30″	0,310 0(0 8)	10,522(27)
13	Procyon	Procyon A (α Canis Minoris)	F5V-IV	0,38	2,66	07h 39m 18s	+05° 13′ 30″	0,286 1(0 9)	11,402(33)
		Procyon B	DA	10,7	12,98
14	61 Cygni	61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)	K5.0V	5,21	7,49	21h 08m 52s	+38° 56′ 51″	0,286 0(0 6)	11,402(23)
		61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)	K7.0V	6,03	8,31
17	Epsilon Indi (CP−57°10015)	Epsilon Indi A	K5Ve	4,69	6,89	22h 03m 22s	−56° 47′ 10″	0,275 8(0 7)	11,824(30)
		Epsilon Indi Ba	T1.0V	>23	>25	22h 04m 10.5s	−56° 46′ 58″
		Epsilon Indi Bb	T6.0V	>23	>25
19	Tau Ceti (BD−16°295)		G8Vp	3,49	5,68	01h 44m 04s	−15° 56′ 15″	0,274 4(0 8)	11,887(33)
44	GJ 380 (Groombridge 1618)		K7.0V	6,59	8,16	10h 11m 22s	+49° 27′ 15″	0,205 8(0 7)	15,847(52)

Etoiles naines (rouges, brunes ou blanches)

#	Nom		Type	m	M	AD	Déc	Parallaxe (arcsec)	Distance (AL)
	Système	Étoile
2	Étoile de Barnard (BD+04°3561a)		M4.0Ve	9,53	13,22	17h 55m 23s	+04° 33′ 18″	0,547 0(1 0)	5,9629(110)
3	Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)		M6.0V	13,44	16,55	10h 56m 28s	+07° 00′ 42″	0,419 1(2 1)	7,7823(390)
4	Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)		M2.0V	7,47	10,44	11h 00m 37s	+36° 18′ 20″	0,393 4(0 7)	8,2903(148)
6	Luyten 726-8	UV Ceti (L 726-8 B)	M5.5Ve	12,54	15,40	01h 39m 01s	+17° 57′ 00″	0,373 7(2 7)	8,7278(631)
		BL Ceti (L 726-8 A)	M6.0Ve	12,99	15,85
7	Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)		M3.5Ve	10,43	13,07	18h 49m 49s	+23° 50′ 11″	0,336 9(1 8)	9,6811(512)
8	Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)		M5.5Ve	12,29	14,79	23h 41m 54s	+44° 09′ 32″	0,316 0(1 1)	10,321(36)
10	Lacaille 9352 (CD-36°15693)		M1.5Ve	7,34	9,75	23h 05m 42s	−35° 51′ 11″	0,303 6(0 9)	10,742(31)
11	Ross 128 (FI Virginis)		M4.0Vn	11,13	13,51	11h 47m 45s	+00° 48′ 17″	0,298 7(1 4)	10,918(50)
12	EZ Aquarii	EZ Aquarii (L 0789-006)	M5.0Ve	13,33	15,64	22h 38m 34s	−15° 18′ 02″	0,289 5(4 4)	11,266(172)
		Gl 866 B	M?	13,27	15,58
		Gl 866 C	M?	14,03	16,34
15	Struve 2398	Struve 2398 A (GJ 725 A, BD+59°1915)	M3.0V	8,90	11,16	18h 42m 47s	+59° 37′ 50″	0,283 0(1 7)	11,525(69)
		Struve 2398 B (HD 173740)	M3.5V	9,69	11,95
16	Groombridge 34	Gl 15 A (GX Andromedae)	M1.5V	8,08	10,32	00h 18m 24s	+44° 01′ 24″	0,280 6(1 0)	11,624(40)
		Gl 15 B (GQ Andromedae)	M3.5V	11,06	13,30
18	DX Cancri (G051-015)		M6.5Ve	14,78	16,98	08h 29m 50s	+26° 46′ 37″	0,275 8(3 0)	11,826(129)
20	GJ 1061 (LHS 1565)		M5.5V	13,03	15,19	03h 35m 57s	−44° 30′ 46″	0,272 0(1 3)	11,991(58)
21	YZ Ceti (LHS 138)		M4.5V	12,02	14,17	01h 12m 31s	−16° 59′ 57″	0,268 8(3 0)	12,132(14)
22	Étoile de Luyten (BD+05°1668)		M3.5Vn	9,86	11,97	07h 27m 25s	+05° 13′ 33″	0,263 8(1 3)	12,366(59)
23	Étoile de Teegarden (SO025300,5+165258)		M6.5V	15,40	18,50	02h 53m 01s	+16° 52′ 58″	0,260 6(2 7)	12,514(130)
24	SCR 1845-6357	SCR 1845-6357 A	M8.5V	17,39	19,41	18h 45m 03s	−63° 57′ 48″	0,259 5(1 2)	12,571(54)
		SCR 1845-6357 B	T6	?	?	18h 45m 02.6s	−63° 57′ 52″
25	Étoile de Kapteyn (CD−45°1841)		M1.5V	8,84	10,87	05h 11m 41s	−45° 01′ 06″	0,255 3(0 9)	12,777(44)
26	Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)		M0.0V	6,67	8,69	21h 17m 15s	−38° 52′ 03″	0,253 4(1 2)	12,870(57)
27	Kruger 60	Kruger 60 A (BD+56°2783)	M3.0V	9,79	11,76	22h 28m 00s	+57° 41′ 45″	0,248 1(1 4)	13,148(74)
		Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei)	M4.0V	11,41	13,38
28	DEN 1048-3956		M8,5 V	17,39	19,37	10h 48m 15s	−39° 56′ 06″	0,247 7(1 6)	13,167(83)
29	Ross 614	Ross 614 (LHS 1849)	M4.5V	11,15	13,09	06h 29m 23s	−02° 48′ 50″	0,244 3(2 1)	13,348(110)
		Gl 234 B (V577 Monocerotis)	M5.5V	14,23	16,17
30	Gl 628 (Wolf 1061, BD−12°4523)		M3.0V	10,07	11,93	16h 30m 18s	−12° 39′ 45″	0,236 0(1 7)	13,820(98)
31	Étoile de van Maanen (Gl 35, LHS 7)		DZ7	12,38	14,21	00h 49m 10s	+05° 23′ 19″	0,231 9(1 8)	14,066(109)
32	Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492)		M3.0V	8,55	10,35	00h 05m 24s	−37° 21′ 27″	0,229 2(1 1)	14,230(67)
33	Wolf 424	Wolf 424 A (LHS 333)	M5.5Ve	13,18	14,97	17h 33m 17s	+09° 01′ 15″	0,227 9(4 6)	14,311(289)
		Gl 473 B (FL Virginis)	M7Ve	13,17	14,96
34	TZ Arietis (GJ 83,1, Luyten 1159-16)		M4.5V	12,27	14,03	02h 00m 13s	+13° 03′ 08″	0,224 8(2 9)	14,509(188)
35	Gl 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)		M3.0V	9,17	10,89	17h 36m 26s	+68° 20′ 21″	0,220 5(0 9)	14,792(55)
36	LHS 292 (LP 731-58)		M6.5V	15,60	17,32	10h 48m 13s	−11° 20′ 10″	0,220 3(3 6)	14,805(243)
37	Gl 674 (LHS 449)		M3.0V	9,38	11,09	17h 28m 40s	−46° 53′ 43″	0,220 3(1 6)	14,808(107)
38	GJ 1245 (V1581 Cygni)	GJ 1245 A	M5.5V	13,46	15,17	19h 53m 54s	−44° 24′ 55″	0,220 2(1 0)	14,812(68)
		GJ 1245 B	M6.0V	14,01	15,72	19h 53m 55s	−44° 24′ 56″
		GJ 1245 C	M?	16,75	18,46	19h 53m 54s	−44° 24′ 55″
39	GJ 440 (WD 1142-645)		DQ6	11,50	13,18	11h 45m 43s	−64° 50′ 29″	0,216 6(2 1)	15,060(140)
40	GJ 1002		M5.5V	13,76	15,40	00h 06m 44s	−07° 32′ 22″	0,213 0(3 6)	15,313(259)
41	Ross 780 (GJ 876)		M3.5V	10,17	11,81	22h 53m 17s	−14° 15′ 49″	0,212 6(2 0)	15,342(142)
42	LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)		M5.5V	13,92	15,66	10h 44m 32s	−61° 11′ 38″	0,209 0(2 8)	15,609(204)
43	GJ 412	GJ 412 A	M1.0V	8,77	10,34	11h 05m 29s	+43° 31′ 36″	0,206 0(1 1)	15,831(83)
		WX Ursae Majoris	M5.5V	14,48	16,05	11h 05m 30s	+43° 31′ 18″
45	GJ 388		M3.0V	9,32	10,87	10h 19m 36s	+19° 52′ 10″	0,204 6(2 8)	15,941(219)
46	GJ 832		M3.0V	8,66	10,20	21h 33m 34s	−49° 00′ 32″	0,202 8(1 4)	16,084(105)
47	LP 944-020		M9.0V	18,50	20,02	03h 39m 35s	−35° 25′ 41″	0,201 4(4 2)	16,194(338)
48	DEN 0255-4700		L7.5V	22,92	24,44	02h 55m 3,7s	−47° 00′ 52″	0,201 4(3 9)	16,197(314)
49	GJ 682		M4.5V	10,95	12,45	17h 37m 04s	−44° 19′ 09″	0,199 7(2 3)	16,336(189)